Abstract
Numerous technological advancements have been developed to tackle the issue of wastewater remediation effectively. However, the practical application of these technologies on a large scale has faced several challenges that have hindered their progress. These challenges include low selectivity, high energy requirements, and significant expenses. Nanoscale materials have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in removing a wide range of contaminants. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) exhibits a range of distinctive physical and chemical properties that have proven to be highly effective in various environmental remediation applications. These include its impressive surface area, remarkable reactivity, and its capacity to create stable colloidal suspensions. The paper explores the synthetic techniques for NZVI with special emphasis on green synthesis and the use of capping or support agents for maintaining stability and enhancing the reactivity of NZVI. The various structural and reactivity aspects of NZVI have been highlighted for its potential application in wastewater treatment sequestrating various categories of inorganic and organic contaminants. The discussion also delves into the limitations of NZVI, highlighting its dependence on water as a medium for contact reaction or electron transfer through the action mechanism of NZVI in adsorptive and photocatalytic sequestration of contaminants. The beneficial potential of NZVI-based composite systems in the field of environmental remediation has also been included which aids in the application of NZVI in environmental remediation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abdel Salam M, Owija NY, Kosa S (2021) Removal of the toxic cadmium ions from aqueous solutions by zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Int J Environ Sci Technol 18:2391–2404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02990-9
Abdelfatah AM, Fawzy M, El-Khouly ME, Eltaweil AS (2021) Efficient adsorptive removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution using phytosynthesized nano-zero valent iron. J Saudi Chem Soc 25:101365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101365
Aktar J (2021) Batch adsorption process in water treatment. In: Intelligent environmental data monitoring for pollution management. Elsevier, pp 1–24
Al-Ghouti MA, Da’ana DA (2020) Guidelines for the use and interpretation of adsorption isotherm models: a review. J Hazard Mater 393:122383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122383
Ansari A, Siddiqui VU, Akram MK et al (2022) Synthesis of atmospherically stable zero-valent iron nanoparticles (Nzvi) for the efficient catalytic treatment of high-strength domestic wastewater. Catalysts 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12010026
Antony J, Qiang Y, Baer DR, Wang C (2006) Synthesis and characterization of stable iron-iron oxide core-shell nanoclusters for environmental applications. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 6:568–572. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.925
Aragaw TA, Bogale FM, Aragaw BA (2021) Iron-based nanoparticles in wastewater treatment: a review on synthesis methods, applications, and removal mechanisms. J Saudi Chem Soc 25:101280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101280
Arshad M, Qayyum A, Abbas G et al (2018) Influence of different solvents on portrayal and photocatalytic activity of tin-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles. J Mol Liq 260:272–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.074
Awad YM, Abdelhafez AA, Ahmad M et al (2010) Synthesis of nanoscale zerovalent iron particle and its application to Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. Korean J Environ Agric 29:402–407. https://doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2010.29.4.402
Ayawei N, Ebelegi AN, Wankasi D (2017) Modelling and interpretation of adsorption isotherms. J Chemother 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3039817
Bhatti HN, Iram Z, Iqbal M et al (2020) Facile synthesis of zero valent iron and photocatalytic application for the degradation of dyes. Mater Res Express 7:015802. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab66a0
Bhowmick S, Chakraborty S, Mondal P et al (2014) Montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removal of arsenic from aqueous solution: kinetics and mechanism. Chem Eng J 243:14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.049
Boparai HK, Joseph M, O’Carroll DM (2013) Cadmium (Cd2+) removal by nano zerovalent iron: Surface analysis, effects of solution chemistry and surface complexation modeling. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:6210–6221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1651-8
Chen S-S, Hsu H-D, Li C-W (2004) A new method to produce nanoscale iron for nitrate removal. J Nanopart Res 6:639–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-004-6672-2
Chen ZX, Cheng Y, Chen Z et al (2012) Kaolin-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removing cationic dye-crystal violet in aqueous solution. J Nanopart Res 14:899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0899-0
Chi Z, Hao L, Dong H et al (2020) The innovative application of organosolv lignin for nanomaterial modification to boost its heavy metal detoxification performance in the aquatic environment. Chem Eng J 382:122789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122789
Da’ana DA, Zouari N, Ashfaq MY et al (2021) Removal of toxic elements and microbial contaminants from groundwater using low-cost treatment options. Curr Pollut Rep 7:300–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-021-00187-3
Dada AO, Adekola FA, Odebunmi EO et al (2021) Two–three parameters isotherm modeling, kinetics with statistical validity, desorption and thermodynamic studies of adsorption of Cu(II) ions onto zerovalent iron nanoparticles. Sci Rep 11:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95090-8
Danila V, Kumpiene J, Kasiuliene A, Vasarevičius S (2020) Immobilisation of metal(loid)s in two contaminated soils using micro and nano zerovalent iron particles: evaluating the long-term stability. Chemosphere 248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126054
Daraei H, Amrane A, Kamali H (2017) Assessment of phenol removal efficiency by synthesized zero iron nanoparticles and Fe powder using the response surface methodology. Iran J Chem Chem Eng 36:137–146
Dareyni F, Amini Mohammadiyeh SA, Zare Sani H, Saghi M (1970) Removal of acid black 1 dye from aqueous solution using nano-iron particles. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci 20:782–790
Dong H, Zhang C, Hou K et al (2017) Removal of trichloroethylene by biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in aqueous solution. Sep Purif Technol 188:188–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.033
Du Q, Li G, Zhang S et al (2020) High-dispersion zero-valent iron particles stabilized by artificial humic acid for lead ion removal. J Hazard Mater 383:121170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121170
Du X, Zhao T, Xiu Z et al (2019) Nano-zero-valent iron and MnOx selective deposition on BiVO4 decahedron superstructures for promoted spatial charge separation and exceptional catalytic activity in visible-light-driven photocatalysis-Fenton coupling system. J Hazard Mater 377:330–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.061
Eddy NO, Garg R, Garg R et al (2024) Adsorption and photodegradation of organic contaminants by silver nanoparticles: isotherms, kinetics, and computational analysis. Springer International Publishing
Eddy NO, Ukpe RA, Garg R et al (2023) Enhancing water purification efficiency through adsorption and photocatalysis: models, applications, and challenges. Int J Environ Anal Chem 00:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2023.2295934
Eliaz N (2019) Corrosion of metallic biomaterials: a review. Materials (Basel) 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030407
Fan J, Zhang B, Zhu B et al (2023) New insight into the mechanism for the removal of methylene blue by hydrotalcite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron. Water (Switzerland) 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010183
Freyria FS, Esposito S, Armandi M et al (2017) Role of pH in the aqueous phase reactivity of zerovalent iron nanoparticles with acid orange 7, a model molecule of azo dyes. J Nanomater 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2749575
Fu F, Dionysiou DD, Liu H (2014) The use of zero-valent iron for groundwater remediation and wastewater treatment: a review. J Hazard Mater 267:194–205
Fu R, Yang Y, Xu Z et al (2015) The removal of chromium (VI) and lead (II) from groundwater using sepiolite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-NZVI). Chemosphere 138:726–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.051
Fu X, Zhang J, Zhao H et al (2020) Enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation by coupling zeolite-supported nano-zero-valent iron with weak magnetic field. Sep Purif Technol 230:115886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115886
Fujioka N, Suzuki M, Kurosu S, Kawase Y (2016) Linkage of iron elution and dissolved oxygen consumption with removal of organic pollutants by nanoscale zero-valent iron: effects of pH on iron dissolution and formation of iron oxide/hydroxide layer. Chemosphere 144:1738–1746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.064
Garg R, Garg R, Khan MA et al (2023) Utilization of biosynthesized silica-supported iron oxide nanocomposites for the adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30:81319–81332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21111-2
Garg R, Garg R, Okon Eddy N (2022) Handbook of research on green synthesis and applications of nanomaterials. IGI Global, USA. ISBN 9781799889380 (ebook). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8936-6
Gillham RW, O’Hannesin SF (1994) Enhanced degradation of halogenated aliphatics by zero‐valent iron. Groundwater 32:958–967. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00935.x
Gomathi Devi L, Girish Kumar S, Mohan Reddy K, Munikrishnappa C (2009) Photo degradation of Methyl orange an azo dye by advanced fenton process using zero valent metallic iron: influence of various reaction parameters and its degradation mechanism. J Hazard Mater 164:459–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.017
Gunawardana B, Singhal N, Swedlund P (2011) Degradation of chlorinated phenols by zero valent iron and bimetals of iron: a review. Environ Eng Res 16:187–203. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2011.16.4.187
Guselnikova OA, Galanov AI, Gutakovskii AK, Postnikov PS (2015) The convenient preparation of stable aryl-coated zerovalent iron nanoparticles. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 6:1192–1198. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.121
Hamad MTMH, El-Sesy ME (2023) Adsorptive removal of levofloxacin and antibiotic resistance genes from hospital wastewater by nano-zero-valent iron and nano-copper using kinetic studies and response surface methodology. Bioresour Bioprocess 10:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-022-00616-1
Hamdy A, Mostafa MK, Nasr M (2018) Zero-valent iron nanoparticles for methylene blue removal from aqueous solutions and textile wastewater treatment, with cost estimation. Water Sci Technol 78:367–378. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.306
Haspulat Taymaz B, Kamiş H, Yoldaş Ö (2022) Photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye using zero valent iron doped polypyrrole. Environ Eng Res 27. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.638
Hoch LB, Mack EJ, Hydutsky BW et al (2008) Carbothermal synthesis of carbon-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron particles for the remediation of hexavalent chromium. Environ Sci Technol 42:2600–2605. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702589u
Huang Q, Gu T, Liu A et al (2021) Probing pollutant reactions at the iron surface: a case study on selenite reactions with nanoscale zero-valent iron. Environ Sci Nano 8:2650–2659. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1en00458a
Ibrahim HM, Awad M, Al-farraj AS, Al-turki AM (2020) Stability and dynamic aggregation of bare and stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles under variable solution chemistry. Nanomaterials 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020192
Jabeen H, Chandra V, Jung S et al (2011) Enhanced Cr(vi) removal using iron nanoparticle decorated graphene. Nanoscale 3:3583–3585. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1nr10549c
Jain R, Mendiratta S, Kumar L, Srivastava A (2021) Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Artocarpus heterophyllus peel extract and their application as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation of Fuchsin Basic dye. Curr Res Green Sustain Chem 4:100086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100086
Jha AK, Chakraborty S (2020) Photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red under UV irradiation by zero valent iron nano particles (nZVI) synthesized using Shorea robusta (Sal) leaf extract. Water Sci Technol 82:2491–2502. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.517
Jha AK, Chakraborty S (2023) Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin antibiotic residues in aqueous phase by biosynthesized nZVI using Sal (Shorea robusta) leaf extract. Aqua Water Infrastructure, Ecosyst Soc 72:230–245. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.113
Jiang D, Hu X, Wang R et al (2017) The decreasing aggregation of nanoscale zero-valent iron induced by trivalent chromium. Environ Chem 14:99–105. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN16144
Jing C, Li YL, Landsberger S (2016) Review of soluble uranium removal by nanoscale zero valent iron. J Environ Radioact 164:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.06.027
Kadhum ST, Alkindi GY, Albayati TM (2021) Eco friendly adsorbents for removal of phenol from aqueous solution employing nanoparticle zero-valent iron synthesized from modified green tea bio-waste and supported on silty clay. Chin J Chem Eng 36:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2020.07.031
Kadkhodayan H, Alizadeh T (2023) Highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of hazardous organic and inorganic contaminants by heterogeneous nZVI-doped Al2ZnTiO6 double perovskite/g-C3N4 photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. J Alloys Compd 960:170772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170772
Kamath V, Chandra P, Jeppu GP (2020) Comparative study of using five different leaf extracts in the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for removal of arsenic from water. Int J Phytoremediation 22:1278–1294. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2020.1765139
Karam A, Zaher K, Mahmoud AS (2020) Comparative studies of using nano zerovalent iron, activated carbon, and green synthesized nano zerovalent iron for textile wastewater color removal using artificial intelligence, regression analysis, adsorption isotherm, and kinetic studies. Air, Soil Water Res 13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178622120908273
Kašlík J, Kolařík J, Filip J et al (2018) Nanoarchitecture of advanced core-shell zero-valent iron particles with controlled reactivity for contaminant removal. Chem Eng J 354:335–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.015
Kazemi M, Jahanshahi M, Peyravi M (2018) Hexavalent chromium removal by multilayer membrane assisted by photocatalytic couple nanoparticle from both permeate and retentate. J Hazard Mater 344:12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.059
Kerkez DV, Tomašević DD, Kozma G et al (2014) Three different clay-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron materials for industrial azo dye degradation: a comparative study. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45:2451–2461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.04.019
Khashij M, Dalvand A, Mehralian M et al (2020) Removal of reactive black 5 dye using zero valent iron nanoparticles produced by a novel green synthesis method. Pigm Resin Technol 49:215–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRT-10-2019-0092
Khosravi M, Arabi S (2016) Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for the removal of methylene blue dye from water by nano zero-valent iron (NZVI). Water Sci Technol 74:343–352. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.122
Khuntia BK, Anwar MF, Alam T et al (2019) Synthesis and characterization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles, and the study of their effect against the degradation of DDT in soil and assessment of their toxicity against collembola and ostracods. ACS Omega 4:18502–18509. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01898
Kishimoto N, Narazaki Y, Takemoto K (2018) Reusability of zero-valent iron particles for zinc ion separation. Sep Purif Technol 193:139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.050
Li J, Chen C, Zhang R, Wang X (2015) Nanoscale zero-valent iron particles supported on reduced graphene oxides by using a plasma technique and their application for removal of heavy-metal ions. Chem - An Asian J 10:1410–1417. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201500242
Li J, Chen C, Zhu K, Wang X (2016a) Nanoscale zero-valent iron particles modified on reduced graphene oxides using a plasma technique for Cd(II) removal. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 59:389–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.09.010
Li Q, Zhao S, Wang Y (2021) Mechanism of oxytetracycline removal by coconut shell biochar loaded with nano-zero-valent iron. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413107
Li X, Ai L, Jiang J (2016b) Nanoscale zerovalent iron decorated on graphene nanosheets for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution: surface corrosion retard induced the enhanced performance. Chem Eng J 288:789–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.12.022
Li XQ, Zhang WX (2006) Iron nanoparticles: the core-shell structure and unique properties for Ni(II) sequestration. Langmuir 22:4638–4642. https://doi.org/10.1021/la060057k
Liang Z, Wen Q, Wang X et al (2016) Chemically stable and reusable nano zero-valent iron/graphite-like carbon nitride nanohybrid for efficient photocatalytic treatment of Cr(VI) and rhodamine B under visible light. Appl Surf Sci 386:451–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.010
Liao M, Wang X, Cao S et al (2021) Oxalate modification dramatically promoted Cr(VI) removal with zero-valent iron. ACS ES T Water 1:2109–2118. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.1c00183
Ling L, Huang X, Li M, Zhang WX (2017) Mapping the reactions in a single zero-valent iron nanoparticle. Environ Sci Technol 51:14293–14300. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02233
Ling L, Pan B, Zhang W xian (2015) Removal of selenium from water with nanoscale zero-valent iron: mechanisms of intraparticle reduction of Se(IV). Water Res 71:274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.01.002
Ling L, Zhang WX (2015) Enrichment and encapsulation of uranium with iron nanoparticle. J Am Chem Soc 137:2788–2791. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja510488r
Liu M, Wang Y, Chen L et al (2015) Mg(OH)2 supported nanoscale zero valent iron enhancing the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:7961–7969. https://doi.org/10.1021/am509184e
Liu P, Liang Q, Luo H et al (2019) Synthesis of nano-scale zero-valent iron-reduced graphene oxide-silica nano-composites for the efficient removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:33507–33516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06320-6
López-Muñoz MJ, Arencibia A, Segura Y, Raez JM (2017) Removal of As(III) from aqueous solutions through simultaneous photocatalytic oxidation and adsorption by TiO2 and zero-valent iron. Catal Today 280:149–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2016.05.043
Lv D, Zhou J, Cao Z et al (2019) Mechanism and influence factors of chromium(VI) removal by sulfide-modified nanoscale zerovalent iron. Chemosphere 224:306–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.109
Ma L, Du Y, Chen S et al (2022) Highly efficient removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by pinecone biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron coupling with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Chemosphere 287:132184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132184
Ma L, Wei Q, Chen Y et al (2018) Removal of cadmiumfrom aqueous solutions using industrial coal fly ash-nZVI. R Soc Open Sci 5. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171051
Ma Q, Zhang H, Deng X et al (2017) Electrochemical fabrication of NZVI/TiO2 nano-tube arrays photoelectrode and its enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance and mechanism for degradation of 4-chlorphenol. Sep Purif Technol 182:144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.03.047
Madhavi V, Prasad TNVKV, Reddy AVB et al (2013) Application of phytogenic zerovalent iron nanoparticles in the adsorption of hexavalent chromium. Spectrochim Acta - Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 116:17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.045
Martin JE, Herzing AA, Yan W et al (2008) Determination of the oxide layer thickness in core-shell zerovalent iron nanoparticles. Langmuir 24:4329–4334. https://doi.org/10.1021/la703689k
Mesa-Medina S, Villajos B, Gascó A, Hermosilla D (2021) Cutting-edge materials combining zerovalent iron applied to the photocatalytic treatment of organic contaminants of emerging concern in wastewater. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 30:100484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100484
Mikhailov I, Levina V, Leybo D et al (2017) Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of nanostructured zero-valent iron particles for degradation of azo dyes. Int J Nanosci 16:1750017. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219581X1750017X
Mohammadi L, Kamani H, Asghari A et al (2022) Removal of amoxicillin from aqueous media by Fenton-like sonolysis/H2O2 process using zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Molecules 27:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196308
Mu Y, Jia F, Ai Z, Zhang L (2017) Iron oxide shell mediated environmental remediation properties of nano zero-valent iron. Environ Sci Nano 4:27–45. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EN00398B
Padil Vinod VT, Wacławek S, Senan C et al (2017) Gum karaya (Sterculia urens) stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles: characterization and applications for the removal of chromium and volatile organic pollutants from water. RSC Adv 7:13997–14009. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA00464H
Pasinszki T, Krebsz M (2020) Synthesis and application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles in water treatment, environmental remediation, catalysis, and their biological effects. Nanomaterials 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10050917
Pavelková A, Stejskal V, Pluhař T, Nosek J (2021) Advanced remediation using nanosized zero-valent iron and electrical current in situ − a comparison with conventional remediation using nanosized zero-valent iron alone. J Environ Chem Eng 9:106124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106124
Petala E, Baikousi M, Karakassides MA et al (2016) Synthesis, physical properties and application of the zero-valent iron/titanium dioxide heterocomposite having high activity for the sustainable photocatalytic removal of hexavalent chromium in water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:10637–10646. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp01013j
Qi J, Wang C, Sun J, Li S (2019) TiO2 assisted photocatalytic decomposition of 2-chloronaphthalene on iron nanoparticles in aqueous systems: synergistic effect and intermediate products. Russ J Phys Chem A 93:1620–1626. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024419080119
Qian L, Chen Y, Ouyang D et al (2020) Field demonstration of enhanced removal of chlorinated solvents in groundwater using biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron. Sci Total Environ 698:134215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134215
Raez JM, Arencibia A, Segura Y et al (2021) Combination of immobilized TiO2 and zero valent iron for efficient arsenic removal in aqueous solutions. Sep Purif Technol 258:118016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118016
Rafique MA, Jamal A, Afzal G et al (2021) Photocatalytic mediated remediation of synthetic dyes effluent using zero-valent iron: a comparative study. Desalin Water Treat 237:284–291. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.27723
Rahman MU, Qazi UY, Hussain T et al (2021) Solar driven photocatalytic degradation potential of novel graphitic carbon nitride based nano zero-valent iron doped bismuth ferrite ternary composite. Opt Mater (Amst) 120:111408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111408
Sadek AH, Asker MS, Abdelhamid SA (2021) Bacteriostatic impact of nanoscale zero-valent iron against pathogenic bacteria in the municipal wastewater. Biologia (Bratisl) 76:2785–2809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00814-w
Sahu RS, Shih Y hsin (2019) Reductive debromination of tetrabromobisphenol A by tailored carbon nitride Fe/Cu nanocomposites under an oxic condition. Chem Eng J 378: 122059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122059
Samadi Z, Yaghmaeian K, Mortazavi-Derazkola S et al (2021) Facile green synthesis of zero-valent iron nanoparticles using barberry leaf extract (GnZVI@BLE) for photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium. Bioorg Chem 114:105051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105051
Sepehri S, Kanani E, Abdoli S et al (2023) Pb(II) removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles—a green approach. Water (Switzerland) 15:222. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020222
Sharma R, Garg R, Bali M, Eddy NO (2023) Biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Spilanthes acmella: antioxidation potential and adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions. Environ Monit Assess 195:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11860-z
Song Y, Zeng Y, Jiang T et al (2023) Efficient removal of ciprofloxacin from contaminated water via polystyrene anion exchange resin with nanoconfined zero-valent iron. Nanomaterials 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13010116
Su L, Zhen G, Zhang L et al (2015) The use of the core-shell structure of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (NZVI) for long-term removal of sulphide in sludge during anaerobic digestion. Environ Sci Process Impacts 17:2013–2021. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5em00470e
Suazo-Hernández J, Sepúlveda P, Manquián-Cerda K et al (2019) Synthesis and characterization of zeolite-based composites functionalized with nanoscale zero-valent iron for removing arsenic in the presence of selenium from water. J Hazard Mater 373:810–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.125
Sun Y, Ding C, Cheng W, Wang X (2014) Simultaneous adsorption and reduction of U(VI) on reduced graphene oxide-supported nanoscale zerovalent iron. J Hazard Mater 280:399–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.023
Tanboonchuy V, Hsu JC, Grisdanurak N, Liao CH (2011) Impact of selected solution factors on arsenate and arsenite removal by nanoiron particles. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18:857–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0442-3
Tao NR, Sui ML, Lu J, Lua K (1999) Surface nanocrystallization of iron induced by ultrasonic shot peening. Nanostruct Mater 11:433–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-9773(99)00324-4
Tarekegn MM, Balakrishnan RM, Hiruy AM, Dekebo AH (2021) Removal of methylene blue dye using nano zerovalent iron, nanoclay and iron impregnated nanoclay-a comparative study. RSC Adv 11:30109–30131. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra03918k
Tasharrofi S, Rouzitalab Z, Maklavany DM et al (2020) Adsorption of cadmium using modified zeolite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron composites as a reactive material for PRBs. Sci Total Environ 736:139570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139570
Vilardi G, Mpouras T, Dermatas D et al (2018) Nanomaterials application for heavy metals recovery from polluted water: the combination of nano zero-valent iron and carbon nanotubes. Competitive adsorption non-linear modeling. Chemosphere 201:716–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.032
Wang C, Baer DR, Amonette JE et al (2009) Morphology and electronic structure of the oxide shell on the surface of iron nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 131:8824–8832. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja900353f
Wang C, Luo H, Zhang Z et al (2014) Removal of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solutions using nanoscale zero valent iron-reduced graphite oxide modified composites. J Hazard Mater 268:124–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.009
Wang CB, Zhang WX (1997) Synthesizing nanoscale iron particles for rapid and complete dechlorination of TCE and PCBs. Environ Sci Technol 31:2154–2156. https://doi.org/10.1021/es970039c
Wang Q, Song X, Tang S, Yu L (2020) Enhanced removal of tetrachloroethylene from aqueous solutions by biodegradation coupled with nZVI modified by layered double hydroxide. Chemosphere 243:125260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125260
Wang S, Gao B, Li Y et al (2017) Adsorptive removal of arsenate from aqueous solutions by biochar supported zero-valent iron nanocomposite: Batch and continuous flow tests. J Hazard Mater 322:172–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.052
Wang X, Xie Y, Ma J, Ning P (2019) Facile assembly of novel g-C3N4@expanded graphite and surface loading of nano zero-valent iron for enhanced synergistic degradation of tetracycline. RSC Adv 9:34658–34670. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06620a
Wojcieszek J, Chay S, Jiménez-Lamana J et al (2023) Study of the stability, uptake and transformations of zero valent iron nanoparticles in a model plant by means of an optimised single particle ICP-MS/MS method. Nanomaterials 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13111736
Xia C, Liu J (2020) Degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by zero-valent iron nanoparticles under ultraviolet light. J Nanopart Res 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-04925-4
Xiang S, Cheng W, Chi F et al (2020) Photocatalytic removal of U(VI) from wastewater via synergistic carbon-supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles and S. Putrefaciens. ACS Appl Nano Mater 3:1131–1138. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b01581
Xie Y, Fang Z, Qiu X et al (2014) Comparisons of the reactivity, reusability and stability of four different zero-valent iron-based nanoparticles. Chemosphere 108:433–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.076
Xu J, Avellan A, Li H et al (2020) Iron and sulfur precursors affect crystalline structure, speciation, and reactivity of sulfidized nanoscale zerovalent iron. Environ Sci Technol 54:13294–13303. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03879
Yan W, Herzing AA, Kiely CJ, Zhang WX (2010) Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI): Aspects of the core-shell structure and reactions with inorganic species in water. J Contam Hydrol 118:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.09.003
Yang D, Wang L, Li Z et al (2020a) Simultaneous adsorption of Cd(II) and As(III) by a novel biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in aqueous systems. Sci Total Environ 708:134823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134823
Yang L, Li H, Xue J et al (2020b) Hydrothermal enhanced nanoscale zero-valent iron activated peroxydisulfate oxidation of chloramphenicol in aqueous solutions: Fe-speciation analysis and modeling optimization. Water (Switzerland) 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010131
Young GK, Bungay HR, Brown LM, Parsons WA (1964) Chemical reduction of nitrate in water. J Water Pollut Control Fed 36:395–398
Yu M, Han Y, Li J, Wang L (2017) CO2-activated porous carbon derived from cattail biomass for removal of malachite green dye and application as supercapacitors. Chem Eng J 317:493–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.105
Zhang FS, Itoh H (2006) Photocatalytic oxidation and removal of arsenite from water using slag-iron oxide-TiO2 adsorbent. Chemosphere 65:125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.027
Zhang J, Chen L, Zhang X (2022) Removal of P-nitrophenol by nano zero valent iron-cobalt and activated persulfate supported onto activated carbon. Water (Switzerland) 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091387
Zhang X, Shi D, Li X et al (2019) Nanoscale dispersing of zero-valent iron on CaCO3 and their significant synergistic effect in high performance removal of lead. Chemosphere 224:390–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.139
Zhou Q, Li Y, Yang H, Gao Y (2020) A collaborative strategy for enhanced reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe(0) in the presence of oxalate under sunlight: performance and mechanism. J Environ Sci (China) 90:385–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.12.003
Zhu L, Tong L, Zhao N et al (2019) Coupling interaction between porous biochar and nano zero valent iron/nano Α-hydroxyl iron oxide improves the remediation efficiency of cadmium in aqueous solution. Chemosphere 219:493–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.013
Zou Y, Wang X, Khan A et al (2016) Environmental remediation and application of nanoscale zero-valent iron and its composites for the removal of heavy metal ions: a review. Environ Sci Technol 50:7290–7304. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01897
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The literature review was jointly carried out by all members of the team, and the first draft of the manuscript was jointly written under the coordination of Rajni Garg. All the authors edited and approved the final manuscript. The individual roles are as follows: Rajni Garg—conceptualization, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, roles/writing (original draft), and writing (review and editing); Mona Mittal—investigation, methodology, roles/writing (original draft), and writing (review and editing); Smriti Tripathi—investigation, methodology, roles/writing (original draft), and writing (review and editing); and Nnabuk Okon Eddy—software, data curation, formal analysis, roles/writing (original draft), and writing (review and editing).
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All authors approve the ethics and consent to participate in this research.
Consent for publication
All authors have consented to publish this paper.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Weiming Zhang
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Garg, R., Mittal, M., Tripathi, S. et al. Core to concept: synthesis, structure, and reactivity of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) for wastewater remediation. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33197-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33197-x