Abstract
The advanced oxidation process (AOP) is an efficient method to treat recalcitrance pollutants such as pharmaceutical compounds. The essential physicochemical factors in AOP experiments significantly influence the efficiency, speed, cost, and safety of byproducts of the treatment process. In this review, we collected recent articles that investigated the elimination of pharmaceutical compounds by various AOP systems in a water medium, and then we provide an overview of AOP systems, the formation mechanisms of active radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and their detection methods. Then, we discussed the role of the main physicochemical parameters (pH, chemical interference, temperature, catalyst, pollutant concentration, and oxidant concentration) in a critical way. We gained insight into the most frequent scenarios for the proper and improper physicochemical parameters for the degradation of pharmaceutical compounds. Also, we mentioned the main factors that restrict the application of AOP systems in a commercial way. We demonstrated that a proper adjustment of AOP experimental parameters resulted in promoting the treatment performance, decreasing the treatment cost and the treatment operation time, increasing the safeness of the system products, and improving the reaction stoichiometric efficiency. The outcomes of this review will be beneficial for future AOP applicants to improve the pharmaceutical compound treatment by providing a deeper understanding of the role of the parameters. In addition, the proper application of physicochemical parameters in AOP systems acts to track the sustainable development goals (SDGs).
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Abbreviations
- AOP:
-
Advanced oxidation process
- PDS:
-
Peroxydisulfate
- CMK:
-
Mesoporous carbon
- PMS:
-
Peroxymonosulfate
- GN:
-
Graphitic carbon nitride
- PPCPs:
-
Pharmaceutical and care products
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- PS:
-
Persulfate
- DOM:
-
Dissolved organic matter
- PZC:
-
Point of zero charge
- GCNQDs:
-
Graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots
- rGO:
-
Reduced graphene oxide
- LNTO:
-
La-doped with sodium tantalate
- SDGs:
-
Sustainable development goals
- MC:
-
MIL-88A (iron) on cotton fibers
- SR-AOP:
-
Advanced oxidation process based on sulfate radicals
- mpg-C3N4:
-
Graphene and mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- NOM:
-
Natural organic matter
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- NS-CMK-3:
-
N/S co-doped ordered mesoporous carbon
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- ESR :
-
Electron spin resonance
- EPR:
-
Electron paramagnetic resonance
- TEMP :
-
2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine
- DMPO:
-
5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide
- EDTA:
-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their appreciation to the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme with Project Code: FRGS/1/2019/STG07/USM/02/12. The authors are thankful to AlMaarefa University for providing their needed support to this article.
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Mohammad Qutob: writing – original draft, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, investigation; Sultan Alshehri: writing – review and editing, software, validation; Faiyaz Shakeel: writing – review and editing, validation; Prawez Alam: writing – review and editing, validation; Mohd Rafatullah: conceptualization, visualization, supervision.
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Qutob, M., Alshehri, S., Shakeel, F. et al. An insight into the role of experimental parameters in advanced oxidation process applied for pharmaceutical degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 26452–26479 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33040-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33040-3