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Organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate pesticide residues in an Ethiopian Rift Valley Lake Hawassa: occurrences and possible ecological risks

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Abstract

Currently, pesticide production and use are on the rise globally. This trend is certain to continue in the coming decades with residues posing risks to the environment and human health even at low levels. Although various aspects of pesticides and their possible implications have widely been studied, such studies have mostly been carried out in developed countries leaving the rest of the world with little scientific information. We present here the results of a study on the occurrences, concentrations, and ecological risks of 30 pesticide residues (PRs) in water and sediment samples from a tropical freshwater Lake Hawassa in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. A total of 54 composite samples of water and sediment were collected from three sampling sites on three occasions. The samples were prepared by quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) technique, and analyzed using GC-MS at Bless Agri Food Laboratory Service located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study applied the risk quotient (RQ) method to scrutinize the risks posed to aquatic biota by the detected PRs. The results showed occurrences of 18 and 20 PRs in the water and sediment samples, respectively. The majority, 78 and 75% of the detected PRs in water and sediment samples, respectively represent the organochlorine chemical class. Concentrations of heptachlor epoxide were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) higher than those of the remaining pesticides in both matrices. Of the pesticides detected, 77% were present in water and 83% in sediment samples and pose a serious risk (RQ ≥ 1) to the Lake Hawassa biota. This calls for further research to investigate the risks to human health posed by the PRs. The findings of this study can contribute to the development of global protocols, as they support the concerns raised about the ecological and public health impacts of PRs on a global level.

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Data availability

The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon a reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for their generous financial support in funding the laboratory analysis conducted in this study. Furthermore, we would like to thank the Hawassa College of Teacher Education for granting the first author study leaves to carry out this research.

Funding

The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) covered the costs for the laboratory analyses of this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, Environmental Toxicology Program, Hawassa University, Hawassa City, Ethiopia

    Daniel WM-Bekele

  2. Hawassa College of Teachers Education, Hawassa City, Ethiopia

    Daniel WM-Bekele

  3. Department of Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries & Aquaculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa City, Ethiopia

    GirmaTilahun, Elias Dadebo & Zinabu Gebremariam

  4. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Amare Haileslassie

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  1. Daniel WM-Bekele
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  2. GirmaTilahun
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  5. Zinabu Gebremariam
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Contributions

Daniel WM-Bekele was responsible for the conceptualization, methodology, review, sample collection, writing of the original draft, lab work, and analysis. Girma Tilahun was responsible for the conceptualization, proposal writing, supervision, and editing. Elias Dadebo was responsible for the sample collection, supervision, and editing. Amare Haileslassie was responsible for the financing of the laboratory payment, manuscript review, and editing. Zinabu Gebremariam was responsible for the comprehensive organization, supervision, reviewing, and editing. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Daniel WM-Bekele.

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WM-Bekele, D., GirmaTilahun, Dadebo, E. et al. Organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate pesticide residues in an Ethiopian Rift Valley Lake Hawassa: occurrences and possible ecological risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 27749–27769 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32848-3

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