Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a hydrochar/CeO2 composite along with its evaluation in methylene blue degradation under visible light are presented. The methodology consisted of a single-pass hydrothermal method, having as synthesis conditions 9 h of reaction time, 210 °C, autogenous pressure, and a biomass/CeO2 ratio of 100:1. The composite characterization revealed good dispersion of CeO2 in the carbonaceous matrix and significant synergy in the composite activation using visible irradiation. The photodegradation experiments showed an efficiency of 98% for white LED light, 91% for UV light, 96% for solar irradiation, and 85% for blue LED light using as conditions pH 7.0, 50 mg of composite, 50 mL of solution, 10 mg/L of dye initial concentration, and 120 min of contact time. Meanwhile, the reusability experiments evidenced a reuse capacity of up to five times with a constant photodegradation efficiency (99%); moreover, it was determined that the presence of electrolytes at pH below 7.0 during degradation negatively affected methylene blue degradation. Finally, the results of this work demonstrate that the hydrochar/CeO2 composite can be synthesized by a green method and used for the efficient treatment of water contaminated with methylene blue.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Experimental data will be available under request.
References
Abbasi MA, Amin KM, Ali M et al (2022) Synergetic effect of adsorption-photocatalysis by GO−CeO2 nanocomposites for photodegradation of doxorubicin. J Environ Chem Eng 10:107078. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2021.107078
Adeleye AT, John KI, Ighalo JO et al (2022) Photocatalytic remediation of methylene blue using hydrothermally synthesized H-Titania and Na-Titania nanotubes. Heliyon 8:e12610. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2022.E12610
Afza N, Shivakumar MS, Alam MW et al (2022) Facile hydrothermal synthesis of cerium oxide/rGO nanocomposite for photocatalytic and supercapacitor applications. Appl Surf Sci Adv 11:100307. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APSADV.2022.100307
Al Farraj DA, Al-Mohaimeed AM, Alkufeidy RM, Alkubaisi NA (2021) Facile synthesis and characterization of CeO2-Al2O3 nano-heterostructure for enhanced visible-light photocatalysis and bactericidal applications. Colloid Interface Sci Commun 41:100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLCOM.2021.100375
Alalm MG, Djellabi R, Meroni D et al (2021) Toward scaling-up photocatalytic process for multiphase environmental applications. Catalysts 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11050562
Aljohani MM, Al-Qahtani SD, Alshareef M et al (2023) Highly efficient adsorption and removal bio-staining dye from industrial wastewater onto mesoporous Ag-MOFs. Process Saf Environ Prot 172:395–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSEP.2023.02.036
AL-Shwaiman HA, Akshhayya C, Syed A et al (2022) Fabrication of intimately coupled CeO2/ZnFe2O4 nano-heterojunction for visible-light photocatalysis and bactericidal application. Mater Chem Phys 279:125759. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATCHEMPHYS.2022.125759
Álvarez MA, Ruidíaz-Martínez M, Cruz-Quesada G et al (2020) Removal of parabens from water by UV-driven advanced oxidation processes. Chem Eng J 379:122334. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2019.122334
Ansari AA (2010) Optical and structural properties of sol–gel derived nanostructured CeO2 film. J Semicond 31:053001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/31/5/053001
Aoudj S, Drouiche N, Khelifa A (2019) Emerging contaminants remediation by heterogeneous photocatalysis. Emerging and Nanomaterial Contaminants in Wastewater: Adv Treat Technol 245–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814673-6.00009-7
Awad ME, Farrag AM, El-Bindary AA et al (2023) Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye using low-cost pyrofabricated titanium dioxide quantum dots-kaolinite nanocomposite. Appl Organomet Chem 37:e7113. https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.7113
Baca M, Wenelska K, Mijowska E et al (2020) Physicochemical and photocatalytic characterization of mesoporous carbon/titanium dioxide spheres. Diam Relat Mater 101:107551. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DIAMOND.2019.107551
Bakry AM, Alamier WM, Salama RS et al (2022) Remediation of water containing phosphate using ceria nanoparticles decorated partially reduced graphene oxide (CeO2-PRGO) composite. Surf Interfaces 31:102006. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SURFIN.2022.102006
Bayan EM, Pustovaya LE, Volkova MG (2021) Recent advances in TiO2-based materials for photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics in aqueous systems. Environ Technol Innov 24:101822. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ETI.2021.101822
Calvache-Muñoz J, Prado FA, Tirado L et al (2019) Structural and optical properties of CeO2 nanoparticles synthesized by modified polymer complex method. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 29:813–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-018-01056-1
Cam TS, Omarov SO, Chebanenko MI et al (2022) Recent progress in the synthesis of CeO2-based nanocatalysts towards efficient oxidation of CO. J Sci: Adv Mater Devices 7:100399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2021.11.001
Channei D, Nakaruk A, Phanichphant S (2017) Photocatalytic degradation of dye using CeO2/SCB composite catalysts. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 183:218–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SAA.2017.04.063
Channei D, Chansaenpak K, Phanichphant S et al (2021) Synthesis and characterization of WO3/CeO2 heterostructured nanoparticles for photodegradation of indigo carmine dye. ACS Omega 6:19771–19777. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02453
Chaudhuri A, Zondag SDA, Schuurmans JHA et al (2022) Scale-up of a heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation using a photochemical rotor–stator spinning disk reactor. Org Process Res Dev 26:1279–1288. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00012
Chen N, Huang Y, Hou X et al (2017) Photochemistry of hydrochar: reactive oxygen species generation and sulfadimidine degradation. Environ Sci Technol 51:11278–11287. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02740
Chu W, Choy WK, So TY (2007) The effect of solution pH and peroxide in the TiO2-induced photocatalysis of chlorinated aniline. J Hazard Mater 141:86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2006.06.093
Contreras-García ME, García-Benjume ML, MacÍas-Andrés VI et al (2014) Synergic effect of the TiO2-CeO2 nanoconjugate system on the band-gap for visible light photocatalysis. Mater Sci Eng, B 183:78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSEB.2014.01.007
Dalanta F, Kusworo TD (2022) Synergistic adsorption and photocatalytic properties of AC/TiO2/CeO2 composite for phenol and ammonia–nitrogen compound degradations from petroleum refinery wastewater. Chem Eng J 434:134687. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2022.134687
Danish M, Ahmad T, Nadhari WNAW et al (2018) Optimization of banana trunk-activated carbon production for methylene blue-contaminated water treatment. Appl Water Sci 8:9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0644-7
de Moraes NP, de Sanmartin MBC, da Silva Rocha R et al (2022) ZnO/CeO2/carbon xerogel composites with direct Z-scheme heterojunctions: enhancing photocatalytic remediation of 4-chlorophenol under visible light. J Rare Earths. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRE.2022.11.001
Dey AK, Mishra SR, Ahmaruzzaman Md (2023) Solar light–based advanced oxidation processes for degradation of methylene blue dye using novel Zn-modified CeO2@biochar. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30:53887–53903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26183-2
dos Santos APB, Dantas TCM, Costa JAP et al (2020) Formation of CeO2 nanotubes through different conditions of hydrothermal synthesis. Surf Interfaces 21:100746. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SURFIN.2020.100746
Dubey M, Wadhwa S, Mathur A, Kumar R (2022) Progress in mesoporous ceria: a review on synthesis strategies and catalytic applications. Appl Surf Sci Adv 12:100340. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APSADV.2022.100340
Ederer J, Janoš P, Šťastný M et al (2021) Nanocrystalline cerium oxide for catalytic degradation of paraoxon methyl: influence of CeO2 surface properties. J Environ Chem Eng 9:106229. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2021.106229
El-Metwaly NM, Katouah HA, El-Desouky MG et al (2022) Fabricating of Fe3O4@Ag-MOF nanocomposite and evaluating its adsorption activity for removal of doxorubicin. J Environ Sci Health, Part A 57:1099–1115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2022.2156230
Fang G, Liu C, Wang Y et al (2017) Photogeneration of reactive oxygen species from biochar suspension for diethyl phthalate degradation. Appl Catal B 214:34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATB.2017.05.036
Ghosh S (2018) Research frontiers in solar light harvesting. In: Ghosh S (ed) Visible light‐active photocatalysis, 1st edn. Wiley-VCH, Germany, pp 1–26
Hernández-Arteaga JGR, Ojeda-Galván HJ, Alanis J et al (2022) Thermal tuning of the morphology of hydrothermally synthesized CeO2 nanotubes for photocatalytic applications. Ceram Int 48:17802–17815. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2022.03.051
Hu Z, Shen Z, Yu J (2017) Converting carbohydrates to carbon-based photocatalysts for environmental treatment. Environ Sci Technol 51. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00118
Jayakumar G, Irudayaraj AA, Raj AD (2019) Investigation on the synthesis and photocatalytic activity of activated carbon–cerium oxide (AC–CeO2) nanocomposite. Appl Phys A 125:742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-019-3044-4
Kiwaan HA, Sh. Mohamed F, El-Ghamaz NA et al (2021) Experimental and electrical studies of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 for the adsorption of different dyes. J Mol Liq 338:116670. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLLIQ.2021.116670
Kotzamanidi S, Frontistis Z, Binas V et al (2018) Solar photocatalytic degradation of propyl paraben in Al-doped TiO2 suspensions. Catal Today 313:148–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CATTOD.2017.12.006
Krishna Murthy TP, Gowrishankar BS, Krishna RH et al (2020) Magnetic modification of coffee husk hydrochar for adsorptive removal of methylene blue: isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies. Environ Chem Ecotoxicol 2:205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCECO.2020.10.002
Kumar R, Rashid J, Barakat MA (2015) Zero valent Ag deposited TiO2 for the efficient photocatalysis of methylene blue under UV-C light irradiation. Colloids Interface Sci Commun 5:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLCOM.2015.05.001
Kumar A, Khan M, He J, Lo IMC (2020) Recent developments and challenges in practical application of visible–light–driven TiO2–based heterojunctions for PPCP degradation: a critical review. Water Res 170:115356. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2019.115356
Li J, Ren J, Li S et al (2023) Potential industrial applications of photo/electrocatalysis: recent progress and future challenges. Green Energy Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEE.2023.05.003
Liu Z, Zhuang Y, Dong L et al (2022) Preparation of CeO2/UiO-66-NH2 heterojunction and study on a photocatalytic degradation mechanism. Materials 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072564
Ma R, Zhang S, Li L et al (2019) Enhanced visible-light-induced photoactivity of type-II CeO2/g-C3N4 nanosheet toward organic pollutants degradation. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:9699–9708. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01477
Ma L, Ai X, Jiang W et al (2022) Zn/Ce metal-organic framework-derived ZnO@CeO2 nano-heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic activity. Colloid Interface Sci Commun 49:100636. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLCOM.2022.100636
Madduri S, Elsayed I, Hassan EB (2020) Novel oxone treated hydrochar for the removal of Pb(II) and methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 260:127683. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2020.127683
Martín de Vidales MJ, Prieto R, Galán-Lucarelli G et al (2023) Removal of contaminants of emerging concern by photocatalysis with a highly ordered TiO2 nanotubular array catalyst. Catal Today 413–415:113995. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CATTOD.2023.01.002
Mashhadi S, Javadian H, Ghasemi M et al (2016) Microwave-induced H2SO4 activation of activated carbon derived from rice agricultural wastes for sorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution. Desalin Water Treat 57:21091–21104. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1119737
McMichael S, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Byrne JA (2021) A review of photoelectrocatalytic reactors for water and wastewater treatment. Water (Basel) 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091198
Meijide J, Lama G, Pazos M et al (2022) Ultraviolet-based heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes as technologies to remove pharmaceuticals from wastewater: an overview. J Environ Chem Eng 10:107630. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2022.107630
Monroy-Figueroa J, Mendoza-Castillo DI, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Pérez-Cruz MA (2015) Chemical modification of Byrsonima crassifolia with citric acid for the competitive sorption of heavy metals from water. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0685-x
Munawar T, Bashir A, Nadeem MS et al (2023) Core-shell CeO2@C60 hybrid serves as a dual-functional catalyst: photocatalyst for organic pollutant degradation and electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction. Ceram Int 49:8447–8462. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2022.11.008
Nguyen DH, Tran HN, Chao H-P, Lin C-C (2019) Effect of nitric acid oxidation on the surface of hydrochars to sorb methylene blue: an adsorption mechanism comparison. Adsorpt Sci Technol 37:607–622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617419867519
Ocampo-Pérez R, Sánchez-Polo M, Rivera-Utrilla J, Leyva-Ramos R (2010) Degradation of antineoplastic cytarabine in aqueous phase by advanced oxidation processes based on ultraviolet radiation. Chem Eng J 165:581–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2010.09.076
Oladoye PO, Ajiboye TO, Omotola EO, Oyewola OJ (2022) Methylene blue dye: toxicity and potential elimination technology from wastewater. Results Eng 16:100678. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RINENG.2022.100678
Orsetti FR, Bukman L, Santos JS et al (2021) Methylene blue and metformin photocatalytic activity of CeO2-Nb2O5 coatings is dependent on the treatment time of plasma electrolytic oxidation on titanium. Appl Surface Sci Adv 6:100143. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APSADV.2021.100143
Parra-Marfíl A, Ocampo-Pérez R, Collins-Martínez VH et al (2020) Synthesis and characterization of hydrochar from industrial Capsicum annuum seeds and its application for the adsorptive removal of methylene blue from water. Environ Res 184:109334. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2020.109334
Pudukudy M, Jia Q, Yuan J et al (2020) Influence of CeO2 loading on the structural, textural, optical and photocatalytic properties of single-pot sol-gel derived ultrafine CeO2/TiO2 nanocomposites for the efficient degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation. Mater Sci Semicond Process 108:104891. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSSP.2019.104891
Reddy PMK, Verma P, Subrahmanyam C (2016) Bio-waste derived adsorbent material for methylene blue adsorption. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 58:500–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JTICE.2015.07.006
Rezaei SS, Kakavandi B, Noorisepehr M et al (2021) Photocatalytic oxidation of tetracycline by magnetic carbon-supported TiO2 nanoparticles catalyzed peroxydisulfate: performance, synergy and reaction mechanism studies. Sep Purif Technol 258:117936. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEPPUR.2020.117936
Sajith NV, Suresh S, Bindu M et al (2022) Visible light active Ni2+ doped CeO2 nanoparticles for the removal of methylene blue dye from water. Results Eng 16:100664. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RINENG.2022.100664
Samadi M, Zirak M, Naseri A et al (2016) Recent progress on doped ZnO nanostructures for visible-light photocatalysis. Thin Solid Films 605:2–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TSF.2015.12.064
Sanchez-Silva JM, Collins-Martínez VH, Padilla-Ortega E et al (2022) Characterization and transformation of nanche stone (Byrsonima crassifolia) in an activated hydrochar with high adsorption capacity towards metformin in aqueous solution. Chem Eng Res Des 183:580–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2022.01.044
Sánchez-Silva JM, Aguilar-Aguilar A, Labrada-Delgado GJ et al (2023) Hydrothermal synthesis of a photocatalyst based on Byrsonima crassifolia and TiO2 for degradation of crystal violet by UV and visible radiation. Environ Res 231:116280. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2023.116280
Sanchez-Silva JM, Ocampo-Pérez R, Padilla-Ortega E, et al (2023) Pyrolysis kinetics of Byrsonima crassifolia stone as agro-industrial waste through isoconversional models. Molecules 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020544
Saravanan R, Joicy S, Gupta VK et al (2013) Visible light induced degradation of methylene blue using CeO2/V2O5 and CeO2/CuO catalysts. Mater Sci Eng, C 33:4725–4731. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSEC.2013.07.034
Sekar S, Bathula C, Rabani I et al (2022) Enhanced photocatalytic crystal-violet degradation performances of sonochemically-synthesized AC-CeO2 nanocomposites. Ultrason Sonochem 90:106177. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ULTSONCH.2022.106177
Sewnet A, Abebe M, Asaithambi P, Alemayehu E (2022) Visible-light-driven g-C3N4/TiO2 based heterojunction nanocomposites for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in wastewater: a review. Air, Soil Water Res 15:11786221221117266. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786221221117266
Shahzad K, Fernandez-Garcia J, Khan MI et al (2022) Formulation of bismuth (Bi2O3) and cerium oxides (CeO2) nanosheets for boosted visible light degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue dyes in water. Catalysts 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101197
Sihem A, Kamel D, Halima C et al (2008) Elimination of a cationic dye (crystal violet) in aqueous medium by TiO2/UV oxidation process. Asian J Chem 20:5581–5590
Siong VLE, Lee KM, Juan JC et al (2019) Removal of methylene blue dye by solvothermally reduced graphene oxide: a metal-free adsorption and photodegradation method. RSC Adv 9:37686–37695. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA05793E
Slapničar S, Žerjav G, Zavašnik J et al (2023) Synthesis and characterization of plasmonic Au/TiO2 nanorod solids for heterogeneous photocatalysis. J Environ Chem Eng 11:109835. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2023.109835
Tahir M, Riaz K (2021) Nanomaterials and photocatalysis in chemistry: mechanistic and experimental approaches. Springer, Singapore
Teng X, Li J, Wang Z et al (2020) Performance and mechanism of methylene blue degradation by an electrochemical process. RSC Adv 10:24712–24720. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA03963B
Thommes M, Kaneko K, Neimark A et al (2015) Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem 87. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-1117
Tuyen LTT, Quang DA, Tam Toan TT et al (2018) Synthesis of CeO2/TiO2 nanotubes and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. J Environ Chem Eng 6:5999–6011. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2018.09.022
Venkataswamy P, Jampaiah D, Mukherjee D, Reddy BM (2019) CuO/Zn-CeO2 nanocomposite as an efficient catalyst for enhanced diesel soot oxidation. Emiss Control Sci Technol 5:328–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40825-019-00137-y
Wang N, Fan H, Ai S (2015) Lignin templated synthesis of porous carbon–CeO2 composites and their application for the photocatalytic desulphuration. Chem Eng J 260:785–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2014.09.051
Wang P, Meng F, Gao C et al (2018) Structural, morphological and optical characteristics of fusiform Co-doped CeO2 via a facile hydrothermal method. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 29:11482–11488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-9243-5
Wang J, Zhou G, He R et al (2020) Experimental preparation and optical properties of CeO2/TiO2 heterostructure. J Market Res 9:9920–9928. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMRT.2020.06.053
Wolski L, Grzelak K, Muńko M et al (2021) Insight into photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin over CeO2/ZnO nanocomposites: unravelling the synergy between the metal oxides and analysis of reaction pathways. Appl Surf Sci 563:150338. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APSUSC.2021.150338
Ye Q, Huang Z, Wu P et al (2020) Promoting the photogeneration of hydrochar reactive oxygen species based on FeAl layered double hydroxide for diethyl phthalate degradation. J Hazard Mater 388:122120. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2020.122120
Yu L, Falco C, Weber J et al (2012) Carbohydrate-derived hydrothermal carbons: a thorough characterization study. Langmuir 28:12373–12383. https://doi.org/10.1021/la3024277
Zeleke MA, Kuo DH (2019) Synthesis and application of V2O5-CeO2 nanocomposite catalyst for enhanced degradation of methylene blue under visible light illumination. Chemosphere 235:935–944. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2019.06.230
Zhang Y, Kuga S, Wu M, Huang Y (2019) Cellulose nanosheets formed by mild additive-free ball milling. Cellulose 26:3143–3153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02282-7
Zhang Q, Zhao X, Duan L et al (2020) Controlling oxygen vacancies and enhanced visible light photocatalysis of CeO2/ZnO nanocomposites. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 392:112156. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPHOTOCHEM.2019.112156
Zhang K, Sun P, Khan A, Zhang Y (2021) Photochemistry of biochar during ageing process: reactive oxygen species generation and benzoic acid degradation. Sci Total Environ 765:144630. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.144630
Zhou L, Li X, Yao Z et al (2016) Transition-metal doped ceria microspheres with nanoporous structures for CO oxidation. Sci Rep 6:23900. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23900
Zhou L, Cai M, Zhang X et al (2019) Key role of hydrochar in heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole using Ag3PO4-based photocatalysts. RSC Adv 9:35636–35645. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA07843F
Zhu C, Wei X, Li W et al (2020) Crystal-plane effects of CeO2{110} and CeO2{100} on photocatalytic CO2 reduction: synergistic interactions of oxygen defects and hydroxyl groups. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:14397–14406. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04205
Funding
This work was funded (1078765) by the Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (National Council for the Humanities, Sciences and Technologies), CONAHCYT, México. The authors acknowledge the support of G.J. Labrada-Delgado and I.G. Becerril-Juárez during SEM analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ROP, JMSS, SAAM, RFR: conceptualization; HJOG, EGV, GJLD: analytical methods; MVLR, OGO, ROP, JMSS: writing and editing; JMSS: data curation; ROP, JMSS: writing original draft preparation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Sami Rtimi
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sánchez-Silva, J.M., Ojeda-Galván, H.J., Villabona-Leal, E.G. et al. Synergistic photocatalysis of a hydrochar/CeO2 composite for dye degradation under visible light. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 16453–16472 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32281-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32281-6