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Benchmarking of circular economy behaviors for Iraqi energy companies based on engagement modes with green technology and environmental, social, and governance rating

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Abstract

Greenhouse gas emissions and global warming are recent issues of upward trend. This study sought to underline the causal relationships between engagement modes with green technology, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratio, and circular economy. Our investigation also captured benchmarking of energy companies’ circular economy behaviors. A hybrid-stage partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) analysis have been adopted. This study collected 713 questionnaires from heads of departments and managers of energy companies. The findings of this study claimed that engagement modes with green technology affect the circular economy and sustainability. The findings revealed that ESG ratings have a mediating role in the nexus among engagement modes with green technology and circular economy. The results of the MCDM application revealed the identification of the best and worst energy companies of circular economy behaviours. This study is exceptional because it is among the first to address the issues of greenhouse gas emissions by providing decisive evidence about the level of circular economy behaviors in energy companies.

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Fig. 1

Source: The author adopted the idea from Hedman and Sharafi (2004)

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Data availability

The data of the paper, which support the analysis and results of this paper, are available with the corresponding author, and the data can be obtained from the authors upon request.

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Funding

This work is funded by Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, Fundamental Research Grant Scheme [Grant Number: FRGS/1/2022/STG06/USM/02/4], for the Project entitled “Efficient Joint Process Monitoring using a New Robust Variable Sample Size and Sampling Interval Run Sum Scheme.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Alhamzah Alnoor & XinYing Chew

  2. Management Technical College, Southern Technical University, Basrah, Iraq

    Alhamzah Alnoor

  3. School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Khai Wah Khaw

  4. Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

    Yousif Raad Muhsen

  5. Technical Engineering College, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq

    Yousif Raad Muhsen

  6. Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

    Abdullah Mohammed Sadaa

  7. College of Economics and Administration, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq

    Abdullah Mohammed Sadaa

Authors
  1. Alhamzah Alnoor
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  2. XinYing Chew
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  3. Khai Wah Khaw
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  4. Yousif Raad Muhsen
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  5. Abdullah Mohammed Sadaa
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Dr Alhamzah Alnoor, Dr XinYing Chew, Dr Khai Wah Khaw, Dr Yousif Raad Muhsen, and Dr Abdullah Mohammed Sadaa performed material preparation, data collection and analysis. Dr. Alhamzah Alnoor wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors commented on previous versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alhamzah Alnoor.

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Ethical approval

All the procedures adopted by the study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Alnoor, A., Chew, X., Khaw, K.W. et al. Benchmarking of circular economy behaviors for Iraqi energy companies based on engagement modes with green technology and environmental, social, and governance rating. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 5762–5783 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31645-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31645-8

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