Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are a concern due to their presence in chlorinated wastewater, sewage treatment plant discharge, and surface water, and their potential for environmental toxicity. Despite some attention to their ecotoxicity, little is known about the phytotoxicity of DBPs. This study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined phytotoxicity of four trihalomethanes (THMs: trichloromethane (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and tribromomethane (TBM) and their mixture (THM4)), and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) using genotoxic and cytotoxic assays. The analysis included seed germination tests using Vigna radiata and root growth tests, mitosis studies, oxidative stress response, chromosomal aberrations (CA), and DNA laddering using Allium cepa. The results showed a progressive increase in root growth inhibition for both plant species as the concentration of DBPs increased. High concentrations of mixtures of four THMs resulted in significant (p < 0.05) antagonistic interactions. The effective concentration (EC50) value for V. radiata was 5655, 3145, 2690, 1465, 3570, and 725 mg/L for TCM, BDCM, DBCM, TBM, THM4, and TCAA, respectively. For A. cepa, the EC50 for the same contaminants was 700, 400, 350, 250, 450, and 105 mg/L, respectively. DBP cytotoxicity was observed through CAs, including C-metaphase, unseparated anaphase, lagging chromosome, sticky metaphase, and bridging. Mitotic depression (MD) increased with dose, reaching up to 54.4% for TCAA (50–500 mg/L). The electrophoresis assay showed DNA fragmentation and shearing, suggesting genotoxicity for some DBPs. The order of phytotoxicity for the tested DBPs was TCAA > TBM > DBCM > BDCM > THM4 > TCM. These findings underscore the need for further research on the phytotoxicity of DBPs, especially given their common use in agricultural practices such as irrigation and the use of sludge as manure.
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We thank Anuja Joseph and Aishwarya Rastogi for their help during experiments.
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Naseeba Parveen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing- Original draft preparation, Visualisation. Papiya Mondal: Methodology, Investigation, Validation. Kumar Raja Vanapalli: Methodology, Formal analysis, Resources. Abhijit Das: Resources. Supervision. Sudha Goel: Methodology. Formal analysis. Supervision. Writing- Reviewing and Editing.
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Parveen, N., Mondal, P., Vanapalli, K.R. et al. Phytotoxicity of trihalomethanes and trichloroacetic acid on Vigna radiata and Allium cepa plant models. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 5100–5115 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31419-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31419-2