Abstract
Due to the slow growth rate of anammox bacteria, enriched sludge is required for the rapid start-up of anammox-based reactors. However, it is still unclear if long-term stored anammox sludge (SAS) is an effective source of inoculum to accelerate reactor start-up. This study explored the reactivation of long-term SAS and developed an efficient protocol to reduce the start-up period of an anammox reactor. Although stored for 13 months, a low level of the specific anammox activity of 28 mg N/g VSS/d was still detected. Experimental Phase 1 involved the direct application of SAS to an upflow sludge bed reactor (USB) operated for 90 d under varying conditions of hydraulic retention time and nitrogen concentrations. In Phase 2, batch runs were executed prior to the continuous operation of the USB reactor. The biomass reactivation in the continuous flow reactor was unsuccessful. However, the SAS was effectively reactivated through a combination of batch runs and continuous flow feed. Within 75 days, the anammox process achieved a stable rate of nitrogen removal of 1.3 g N/L/day and a high nitrogen removal efficiency of 84.1 ± 0.2%. Anammox bacteria (Ca. Brocadia) abundance was 37.8% after reactivation. These overall results indicate that SAS is a feasible seed sludge for faster start-up of high-rate mainstream anammox reactors.
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Data availability
Sequence data are available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI—http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) under project accession number PRJNA983332.
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This work was financially supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (grant numbers 2020/09912–6 and 2021/12399–1) and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).
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Conceptualization: Paula Yumi Takeda, Márcia Helena Rissato Zamariolli Damianovic; methodology: Paula Yumi Takeda, Márcia Helena Rissato Zamariolli Damianovic; formal analysis and investigation: Paula Yumi Takeda, Carolina Tavares Paula, Márcia Helena Rissato Zamariolli Damianovic; writing: Paula Yumi Takeda, Carolina Tavares Paula, Guilherme Lelis Giglio, André do Vale Borges, Tiago Duarte Santos Pereira; funding acquisition: Paula Yumi Takeda, Márcia Helena Rissato Zamariolli Damianovic; supervision: Márcia Helena Rissato Zamariolli Damianovic.
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Takeda, P.Y., Paula, C.T., Giglio, G.L. et al. Efficient reactivation of anammox sludge after prolonged storage using a combination of batch and continuous reactors. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 2408–2418 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31355-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31355-1