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Long-term exposure to PM1 is associated with increased prevalence of metabolic diseases: evidence from a nationwide study in 123 Chinese cities

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A Correction to this article was published on 04 December 2023

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Abstract

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been linked to metabolic diseases. However, the effects of PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1.0 µm (PM1) on metabolic diseases remain unclear. This study is aimed at assessing the associations of PM1 with metabolic disease risk and quantifying the concentration–response (C-R) relationship of PM1 with metabolic disease risk. A national cross-sectional study was conducted, including 12,495 middle-aged and older adults in 123 Chinese cities. The two-year average concentration of PM1 was evaluated using satellite-based spatiotemporal models. Metabolic diseases, including abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, were identified based on physical examination, blood standard biochemistry examination, and self-reported disease histories. Generalized linear models and C-R curves were used to evaluate the associations of PM1 with metabolic diseases. A total of 12,495 participants were included in this study, with a prevalence of 45.73% for abdominal obesity, 20.22% for diabetes, 42.46% for hypertension, 41.01% for dyslipidemia, and 33.78% for metabolic syndrome. The mean ± standard deviation age of participants was 58.79 ± 13.14 years. In addition to dyslipidemia, exposure to PM1 was associated with increased risks of abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM1 concentrations was associated with 39% (odds ratio (OR) = 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33, 1.46) increase in abdominal obesity, 18% (OR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.12, 1.25) increase in diabetes, 11% (OR = 1.11, 95%CI 1.06, 1.16) increase in hypertension, and 25% (OR = 1.25, 95%CI 1.19, 1.31) in metabolic syndrome, respectively. C-R curves showed that the OR values of abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome were increased gradually with the increase of PM1 concentrations. Subgroup analysis indicated that exposure to PM1 was associated with increased metabolic disease risks among participants with different lifestyles and found that solid fuel users were more susceptible to PM1 than clean fuel users. This national cross-sectional study indicated that exposure to higher PM1 might increase abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome risk, and solid fuel use might accelerate the adverse effects of PM1 on metabolic syndrome risk. Further longitudinal cohort studies are warranted to establish a causal inference between PM1 exposure and metabolic disease risk.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82102322).

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  1. Qin Zhou, Xianfeng Li, and Jinglong Zhang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi’an, 710004, Shaanxi, China

    Qin Zhou

  2. Department of Reproductive Service Technology, Urumqi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No. 344 Jiefang South Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, 830000, China

    Xianfeng Li

  3. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032, China

    Jinglong Zhang

  4. Preventive Health Service, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, 152 Aiguo Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

    Zhizhou Duan

  5. The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China

    Shuyuan Mao

  6. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, USA

    Jing Wei

  7. Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032, China

    Shichao Han

  8. Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 196 Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China

    Zhiping Niu

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Contributions

Z.N. and Q.Z. contributed to the study conception and design; X.L., J.Z., Z.D., S.M., and J.W. contributed to the data collection; Q.Z., X.L., and J.Z. performed the data analysis and drafted the manuscript. Z.N. and S.H. helped revise the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zhiping Niu.

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Study ethics approval of the CHARLS study was obtained from Peking University (Reference Number: IRB00001052–11015).

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Zhou, Q., Li, X., Zhang, J. et al. Long-term exposure to PM1 is associated with increased prevalence of metabolic diseases: evidence from a nationwide study in 123 Chinese cities. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 549–563 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31098-z

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