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Study of microscopic properties and heavy metal solidification mechanism of electrolytic manganese residue-based cementitious materials

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Abstract

Electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) is a solid waste that contains a significant amount of soluble manganese and ammonia nitrogen, which can pose risks to human health if improperly disposed of. This study aimed to prepare cementitious materials containing abundant ettringite crystals by mixing EMR with various proportions of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and alkaline activators (CaO, Ca(OH)2, clinker, NaOH). The resulting cementitious material not only utilized a substantial amount of EMR but also exhibited comparable strength to ordinary Portland cement. The optimal ratios were determined through mechanical testing. Additionally, the leaching toxicity of cementitious materials was assessed using ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer) tests. The microscopic properties, hydration, and mechanism of heavy metal solidification in the cementitious materials were evaluated using XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscope), EDS (energy-dispersive spectrometer), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and TG (thermogravimetric) techniques. The results showed that the optimal ratio for the cementitious materials was 60% EMR, 36% GBFS, and 4% Ca(OH)2. The hardened mortar exhibited compressive strengths of 34.43 MPa, 41.3 MPa, and 50.89 MPa at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days, respectively, with an EMR utilization rate of 60%. The hydration products of EMR-based cementitious materials were C-(A)-S-H, AFt, and ferromanganese compounds, which contribute to the mechanical strength. The Mn2+ and NH4+-N contents of raw EMR were 1220 and 149 mg/L, respectively. Nonetheless, the leaching of Mn2+ and NH4+-N in the alkali-EMR-GBFS system was significantly below the limits set by the Chinese emission standard GB8978-1996. Within this system, C-(A)-S-H and AFt could physically adsorb and displace heavy metals, Ca6Mn2(SO4)2(SO3)2(OH)12·24H2O could replace Al ions with Mn ions, and ferromanganese compounds Fe2Mn(PO4)2(OH)2·(H2O)8 and MnFe2O4 could chemically precipitate Mn2+.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Funding

This research was funded by the key project of Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau of China (No. cstc2021jscx-jbgs0029), Postgraduate Research Innovation Project of Chongqing Jiaotong University in 2023 (2023B0003).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China

    Liang Tang, Xiaoli Wang, Yixun Xiao, Zhou Yu & Haixin Xiao

  2. College of Traffic and Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China

    Zhaoyi He & Kefan Chen

  3. Chongqing Chongjiao Renewable Resources Development Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 400000, China

    Kefan Chen

Authors
  1. Liang Tang
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  2. Zhaoyi He
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  3. Kefan Chen
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  4. Xiaoli Wang
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  5. Yixun Xiao
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  6. Zhou Yu
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Contributions

Liang Tang: data curation, writing—reviewing and editing, methodology, and software. Zhaoyi He: data curation and methodology. Kefan Chen: picture drawing. Xiaoli Wang: supervision. Zhou Yu: supervision. Yixun Xiao: supervision. Haixin Xiao: data curation and methodology.

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Correspondence to Zhaoyi He.

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Tang, ., He, Z., Chen, K. et al. Study of microscopic properties and heavy metal solidification mechanism of electrolytic manganese residue-based cementitious materials. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 105056–105071 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29772-3

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