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An experimental design study of photocatalytic activity of the Z-scheme silver iodide/tungstate binary nano photocatalyst

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Abstract

A binary AgI/ Ag2WO4 photocatalyst was fabricated and characterized by SEM, XRD, UV–Vis DRS, and FT-IR. It was then used to photodegrade sodium ceftriaxone (CTX) in an aqueous solution. The band gap energies of 2.95, 2.78, and 2.62 eV were obtained by the Kubelka–Munk model for Ag2WO4, AgI, and AgI/Ag2WO4 catalysts. The samples have pHPZC values of 6.9, 4.2, and 6.6, respectively. The synergistic photocatalytic activity of the coupled system depended on the AgI:Ag2WO4 mole ratio and grinding time (optimums:mole ratio of 4:1 and time 30 min). The experimental design was used for optimizing the conditions and a quadratic model well-processed the data based on the model F value of 131.87 > F0.05,14,13 = 2.55 and LOF F value of 0.78 < F0.05,10,3 = 8.78. The optimized RSM run included the irradiation time of 85 min, 3.5 mg/L of CTX sample at pH 9, and a catalyst dose of 1.0 g/L. Under the optimized conditions, about 63% of CTX molecules were photodegraded. In the study of the scavenging agents, the direct Z-scheme mechanism accumulated electrons in the CB-AgI and the holes in the VB-Ag2WO4 level, as stronger reducing and oxidizing centers than the accumulated electrons and holes of the type (II) heterojunction mechanism. Compared to a CTX oxidation potential of about 0.06 V, the direct Z-scheme mechanism is more favorable to reduce or oxidize it.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Sabereh Salesi & Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh

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Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, software, writing—reviewing and editing, validation, formal analysis, supervision. Sabereh Salesi: Data curation, writing—original draft, visualization, investigation, resources, investigation.

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Correspondence to Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh.

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Salesi, S., Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, A. An experimental design study of photocatalytic activity of the Z-scheme silver iodide/tungstate binary nano photocatalyst. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 105440–105456 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29730-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29730-z

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