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Valorization of a poultry industry floated sludge as a raw material to produce char and activated carbon for pharmaceutical compounds adsorption

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Abstract

This study was intended to valorize a floated sludge of a poultry slaughterhouse using it as a precursor to producing char and activated carbon, which were tested as adsorbents in removing ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium from the water. The addition of zinc chloride or calcium hydroxide was determinant for forming a porous carbonaceous structure with a high surface area in AC-FSP (656.54 m2 g−1), differently from that exhibited by the CHAR-FSP (8.11 m2 g−1). Kinetic and equilibrium studies indicated that the pseudo-second-order and the Sips models were suitable. The AC- FSP maximum adsorption capacity for ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium was 124.98 mg g−1 and 138.32 mg g−1, respectively. The adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process. It was concluded that AC-FSP is a more efficient and promising adsorbent than CHAR-FSP for the adsorption of drugs in contaminated wastewater. In addition, AC-FSP can be reused, maintaining good adsorption levels for about 5 cycles. Therefore, this study is aligned with the 2030 Agenda for global sustainability since converting waste (valueless) into an adsorbent is also directly linked to the circular economy and neutral carbon.

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Data availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

The authors would like to thank CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) for their financial support. The authors would also like to thank the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSPD-2023R668), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

    Patrícia Grassi, Angélica Fátima Mantelli Streit, Julia da Silveira Salla, Ademir Gerhardt, Gabriela Carvalho Collazzo, Sérgio Luiz Jahn & Guilherme Luiz Dotto

  2. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Naushad Ahmad

  3. Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China

    Asad Nawaz

  4. Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55–66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia

    Luis Felipe Oliveira Silva & Marcos Leandro Silva Oliveira

Authors
  1. Patrícia Grassi
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  2. Angélica Fátima Mantelli Streit
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  3. Naushad Ahmad
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  7. Julia da Silveira Salla
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  9. Gabriela Carvalho Collazzo
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  10. Sérgio Luiz Jahn
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  11. Guilherme Luiz Dotto
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Contributions

Conceptualization: [Gabriela Carvalho Collazzo, Sérgio Luiz Jahn, Guilherme Luiz Dotto]; Methodology: [Patrícia Grassi, Angélica Fátima Mantelli Streit], Formal analysis and investigation: [Naushad Ahmad, Asad Nawaz]; Writing—original draft preparation: [Luis Felipe Oliveira Silva, Marcos Leandro Silva Oliveira, Julia da Silveira Salla, Ademir Gerhardt]; Writing—review and editing: [Guilherme Luiz Dotto]; Funding acquisition: [Guilherme Luiz Dotto]; Supervision: [Luis Felipe Oliveira Silva, Guilherme Luiz Dotto]. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Guilherme Luiz Dotto.

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The corresponding author declares that he is the Environmental Science and Pollution Research associate editor. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Grassi, P., Streit, A.F.M., Ahmad, N. et al. Valorization of a poultry industry floated sludge as a raw material to produce char and activated carbon for pharmaceutical compounds adsorption. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 102641–102652 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29709-w

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