Abstract
This research study aims to potential utilization of Citrus maxima peel waste and optimize the hydrothermal liquefaction process for the production of bio-oil (BO) and bio-char (BC). The effect of several HTL processing variables on BO yield (%) and BC yield (%), including temperature, retention period, and slurry concentration, has been examined using central composite design (CCD) (a three-level three-factor design). The optimized values of HTL process variables were found to be 240 °C (temperature), 52 min (retention time), and 7% (slurry concentration) and the corresponding responses were 5.794% (BO yield) and 29.450% (BC yield). The values obtained from the RSM-CCD model as the predicted values agreed with the experimental values (5.93% and 30.14%). Further the BO and BC obtained under optimized conditions and CPP were analyzed to identify the variations by 1H-NMR, GC–MS, FT-IR, and CHNO-S.
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Acknowledgements
The author acknowledge the researchers supporting project number (RSPD2023R980) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This paper has been supported by the RUDN University Strategic Academic Leadership Program. The authors would like to thank the Graphic Era Deemed to be University for providing the facilities to conduct this study.
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Support was provided by the King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSPD2023R980).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Investigation and project administration were carried out by Afzal Hussain. Conceptualization and supervision were carried out by Sanjay Kumar and Vinod Kumar. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Fohad Mabood Husain. Review and editing were performed by Mikhail S. Vlaskin and Mohamed F. Alajmi and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Hussain, A., Kumar, S., Husain, F.M. et al. Numerical optimization of hydrothermal liquefaction process for the production of bio-oil and bio-char from Citrus maxima peel waste and product characterization. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 102462–102473 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29618-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29618-y