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A comprehensive health risk assessment associated with bioaccumulation of heavy metals and nutrients in selected macrophytes of Loktak Lake, Manipur, India

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Abstract

The Loktak Lake, a Ramsar site in Northeast India, is known for its rich biodiversity that includes a variety of macrophyte species, most of which have not been studied for their phytoremediation capacities and potential toxicity via consumption of the edible species. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment was conducted to evaluate the accumulation of selected heavy metals and nutrients in 10 dominant macrophyte species growing in Loktak Lake and to assess the potential health risks associated with consumption of the edible plants. The concentrations of nutrients such as total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and heavy metals such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) were found to be in the order of plant > sediment > water. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) revealed high efficiency of most plants to accumulate heavy metals and nutrients in their tissues from the lake water and sediments, indicating their potential to be used as phytoremediators. Translocation factors (TFs) were also estimated to determine the efficiency of the plants to translocate elements from root to shoot. Colocasia esculenta and Polygonum perfoliatum exhibited the highest BAF values, whereas Colocasia esculenta, Hedychium flavum, Phragmites karka, and Oenanthe javanica exhibited the highest TF values for most elements. Target hazard quotients (THQs) revealed potential health risks associated with one or more heavy metals in the plants, except for Zn, whose THQ values were below the level of concern in all the edible plant species. The hazard index (HI) signifying potential non-carcinogenic health risk from the combined effects of all the heavy metals was highest for Polygonum perfoliatum, indicating a potentially higher risk to health if this edible macrophyte is regularly consumed in higher quantities and may pose long-term health effects to the exposed population.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology, India, for funding the research work under the DST-INSPIRE fellowship programme. The authors acknowledge ICAR RC NEH, Manipur Centre, for providing laboratory facilities for sample analysis. Authors also thank the local boatsmen of Karang, Loktak, for their help in sample collection and fieldwork.

Funding

This research work was funded by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology, India, under the DST-INSPIRE fellowship programme (DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2018/IF180332).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Manipur University (A Central University), Canchipur, Indo-Myanmar Road, Imphal, 795003, Manipur, India

    Ranu Jajo Laishram & Wazir Alam

  2. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region (ICAR RC NEH), Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, Imphal, 795004, Manipur, India

    Tensubam Basanta Singh

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  1. Ranu Jajo Laishram
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  3. Wazir Alam
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Wazir Alam, Ranu Jajo Laishram; Methodology: Tensubam Basanta Singh, Ranu Jajo Laishram; Field work, sample collection and analysis, investigation, and data interpretation: Ranu Jajo Laishram; Writing – original draft preparation: Ranu Jajo Laishram; Writing – review and editing: Wazir Alam, Ranu Jajo Laishram, Tensubam Basanta Singh; Funding acquisition: Ranu Jajo Laishram; Supervision: Wazir Alam, Tensubam Basanta Singh.

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Correspondence to Wazir Alam.

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Laishram, R.J., Singh, T.B. & Alam, W. A comprehensive health risk assessment associated with bioaccumulation of heavy metals and nutrients in selected macrophytes of Loktak Lake, Manipur, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 105329–105352 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29606-2

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