Abstract
Industrial activities provide a modern human lifestyle with advances and comforts in every field. However, such scenario has brought several negative issues. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and a growing plastic usage together with the degradation byproducts, namely microplastics (MPs), are current environmental problems present in every ecosystem, disturbing all forms of life. POPs and MPs are also found in human consumption products including animal and vegetal derivatives, human milk substitutes, and in human breast milk. To date, it is currently unknown what are the effects of MPs and POPs when ingested during the first and most important stage for health programming of the offspring, the first 1000 days of life. Here, we add epidemiological and clinical evidence supporting major sources of POPs and MPs in the ecosystem; and we will precisely describe the effect of POP and MP accumulation in animal- or plant-based infant formulas and human breast milk, modulating health outcomes in the newborn. This review provides a rational to incentive the POP and MP identification in human breast milk and human milk substitutes for avoiding susceptibility to negative health outcomes for the newborn.
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Abbreviations
- POPs:
-
Persistent organic pollutants
- MPs:
-
Microplastics
- POPs PCBs:
-
Polychlorinated biphenyls
- OCPs:
-
Organochlorine pesticides
- HCH:
-
Hexachlorocyclohexane
- DDTs:
-
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- BFR:
-
Brominated flame retardants
- PBDEs:
-
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
- PFAS:
-
Perfluoroalkyl substances
- PFOS:
-
Perfluorooctane sulfonate
- PFOA:
-
Perfluorooctanoic acid
- PFNA:
-
Perfluorononanoic acid
- PCN:
-
Polychlorinated naphthalenes
- HCB:
-
Hexachlorobenzene
- HCBDs:
-
Hexachlorobutadiene
- PCDDs:
-
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
- PCDFs:
-
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans
- MPs PE:
-
Polyethylene
- HDPE:
-
High-density polyethylene
- PA:
-
Polyamide
- PVC:
-
Polyvinyl chloride
- PET:
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- PP:
-
Polypropylene
- PU:
-
Polyurethane
- PEVA:
-
Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)
- PMMA:
-
Poly methylmethacrylate
- PEMA:
-
Polyethyl methacrylate
- PES:
-
Polyester
- PS:
-
Polystyrene
- PC:
-
Polycarbonate
- EDCs:
-
Endocrine disruptive chemicals
- SGA:
-
Small for gestational age
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- ADHD:
-
Attention deficit and hyperactive disorder
- PTFE:
-
Polytetrafluoroethylene
- MRL:
-
Maximum reside limit
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Acknowledgements
We thank M.S. Alejandra Arreola-Triana for her support on editing this manuscript and to the Neurometabolism unit group from Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León for their comments on the figure designs.
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This research was supported by the CONACYT Postdoctoral Fellowship Program Estancias Posdoctorales por México 2022 to MDC-F and by PAICYT 2022 to ACM.
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All authors contributed to complete this study. The idea for the article was suggested by MDC-F and ACM. The literature search, methodology, data collection, data analysis, and figures were performed by MDC-F, MCT, CMV, and ACM. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Caba-Flores, M.D., Martínez-Valenzuela, C., Cárdenas-Tueme, M. et al. Micro problems with macro consequences: accumulation of persistent organic pollutants and microplastics in human breast milk and in human milk substitutes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 95139–95154 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29182-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29182-5