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Hybrid nanostructures exhibiting both photocatalytic and antibacterial activity—a review

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Abstract

The most vital issues of the modern world for a sustainable future are “health” and “the environment.” Scientific endeavors to tackle these two major concerns for mankind need serious attention. The photocatalytic activity toward curbing environmental pollution and antibacterial performance toward a healthy society are two directions that have been emphasized for decades. Recently, materials engineering, in their nanodimension, has shown tremendous possibilities to integrate these functionalities within the same materials. In particular, hybrid nanostructures have shown magnificent prospects to combat both crucial challenges. Many researchers are separately engaged in this important field of research but the collective knowledge on this domain which can facilitate them to excel is badly missing. The present article integrates the development of different hybrid nanostructures which exhibit both photocatalytic degradations of environmental pollutants and antibacterial efficiency. Various synthesis techniques of those hybrid nanomaterials have been discussed. Hybrid nanosystems based on several successful materials have been categorically discussed for better insight into the research advancement in this direction. In particular, Ag-based, metal oxides-based, layered carbon material-based, and Mexene- and self-cleaning-based materials have been chosen for detailing their performance as anti-pollutant and antibacterial materials. Those hybrid systems along with some miscellaneous booming nanostructured materials have been discussed comprehensively with their success and limitations toward their bifunctionality as antipollutant and antibacterial agents.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Reproduced with permission from Baruah et al. (2019). Copyright @ 2019 Elsevier; b possible mechanism of antibacterial activity of AgNPs. Reproduced with permission from Khan et al. (2016). Copyright @ 2016 Elsevier

Fig. 3

Reproduced with permission from Duan et al. (2020). Copyright @ 2020 Elsevier; b formation of SW-Ag/ZnO nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission from Rajaboopathi and Thambidurai (2019). Copyright @ 2019 Elsevier; c preparation of garlic extract stabilized Ag NPs, CeO2, and Ag@CeO2 composites. Reproduced with permission from Ayodhya and Veerabhadram (2020). Copyright @ 2020 Elsevier; d preparation route of the ZIF-8/Ag/AgCl/TiO2 coated PAN nanofibrous mat. Reproduced with permission from Zhan et al. (2020). Copyright @ 2020 Elsevier

Fig. 4

Reproduced with permission from Zhong et al. (2020). Copyright @ 2020 Elsevier; b flower-like Ag doped ZnO structure. Reproduced with permission from Pathak et al. (2018). Copyright @ 2018 Elsevier; c spherical Fe-ZnO. Reproduced with permission from Chai et al. (2019). Copyright @ 2019 Elsevier; d spherical Cu–ZnO nanoassemblies. Reprinted with permission from Gupta and Bahadur (2017) Copyright 2017. American Chemical Society; e ZnO/Ag2O/Ag2S architectures. Reproduced with permission from Zoha et al. (2020). Copyright @ 2020 Elsevier; f CS-ZnO nanocomposite. Reproduced with permission from Bharathi et al. (2019). Copyright @ 2019 Elsevier

Fig. 5

Reproduced with permission from Qi et al. (2020a). Copyright @ 2020 Elsevier. f CZ1:1 nanocomposite, g CZ1:2 nanocomposite, and h CZ1:3 nanocomposite. Reproduced with permission from Jana et al. (2016). Copyright @ 2016 Elsevier. i ZnO doped with 0.2 mol% Ag, j ZnO doped with 0.5 mol% Ag, k ZnO doped with 0.6 mol% Ag, and l ZnO doped with 1.0 mol% Ag. Reproduced with permission from Amornpitoksuk et al. (2012). Copyright @ 2012 Elsevier. m ZnO:Ag 0.1%, n ZnO:Ag 0.5%, o ZnO:Ag 1%, and p ZnO:Ag 2%. Reproduced with permission from Pascariu et al. (2020) Copyright @ 2020 Elsevier. q ZA-2 nanocomposite and r AZG nanocomposite. Reproduced with permission from Juneja et al. (2018). Copyright @ 2018 Elsevier. s ZnONPs/PU and t Pdopa-ZnONPs/PU. Reproduced with permission from Kim et al. (2018). Copyright @2018 Elsevier

Fig. 6

Reproduced with permission from Du et al. (2019) Copyright @ 2019 Elsevier. Survey XPS spectra b and high-resolution XPS spectra of Ti 2p (c), Au 4f (d), and Ag 3d (e) of different metallic nanoparticle-loaded NRs. Reproduced with permission from Li et al. (2019a, b). Copyright @ 2019 Elsevier. f FTIR spectra of pure CeO2 and various % of Zr doped CeO2 nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission from Bakkiyaraj et al. (2017). Copyright @ 2017 Elsevier. g Raman analysis of GO, RGO, NiO NPs, and RGO/NiO NCs, and h UV–Vis spectra and Tauc plots (inset) RGO/NiO NCs. Reproduced with permission from Sadhukhan et al. (2020). Copyright @ 2020 Elsevier. i Photoluminescence spectra for hydrothermally (Fe2O3-SnO2H) and sono-chemically (Fe2O3-SnO2S) prepared nanocomposites. Reproduced with permission from Karunakaran et al. (2013a). Copyright @ 2013 Elsevier

Fig. 7

Reproduced with permission from Elfeky et al. (2020). Copyright @ 2020 Elsevier. TEM characterization for spiky nanohybrids of TiO2/Au nanoparticles: c TEM image, d HRTEM image, e EDX line scan image, and EDX elemental maps showing the spatial distribution of f Au, g Ti, and h O. Reproduced with permission from Tang et al. (2019). Copyright @ 2019 Elsevier.2D AFM micrographs of i SnO2/MoO3 and j SnO2/WO3 thin films. Reproduced with permission from Arfaoui et al. (2018). Copyright @ 2018 Elsevier. TEM images of k 0.5 mM Nd-doped TiO2 and l 2 mM Nd-doped TiO2 nanoparticles; lattice fringes of m 0.5 mM of Nd-doped TiO2 and n 2 mM of Nd-doped TiO2 particles; SAED pattern of o 0.5 mM of Nd-doped TiO2, p 2 mm of Nd-doped TiO2 particles. Reproduced with permission from Nithya et al. (2018). Copyright @ 2018 Elsevier

Fig. 8

Reproduced with permission from Ahmed et al. (2018). Copyright @ 2018 Elsevier. d Plots between C/C0 and degradation time for bare ZnO, ZnO:Co nanopowder, and ZnO:Co/rGO nanocomposite; e plots of ln (Co/C) vs. irradiation time for bare ZnO and ZnO:Co nanopowders and ZnO:Co/rGO nanocomposite; inset of e an optical image of MB orange degradation; f degradation efficiency of bare ZnO and ZnO:Co nanopowders and ZnO:Co/rGO nanocomposite. Reproduced with permission from Ravichandran et al. (2016c). Copyright @ 2016 Elsevier. g I–t curves for the transient photocurrent response of the T, TG, TGC1, TGC2, and TGC3 samples under visible-light irradiation and h comparison of photocatalytic activity of the TGC2 sample toward MB degradation in the presence of different scavengers. Reproduced with permission from Ma et al. (2018). Copyright @ 2018 Elsevier. i Schematic diagram of the charge transfer mechanism in the rGO-CuO and rGO-Cu2O photocatalysts and j Nyquist plots of the synthesized rGO-CuO and rGO-Cu2O nanocomposites. Reproduced with permission from Kumar et al. (2019). Copyright @ 2019 Elsevier

Fig. 9

Reproduced with permission from Nithya and Ayyappan (2020). Copyright @ 2020 Elsevier. Bacterial growth curves of E. coli, treated with serial concentrations of Ag/PDA/g-C3N4 biophotocatalysts g in the dark and h under visible light irradiation. Reproduced with permission from Wu et al. (2018). Copyright @ 2018 Elsevier. i Bacteria time-kill curves of E. coli, dealt by different doses of Ag with/PEI/CN bactericidal photocatalyst within 3 h, j Photographs of plates of E. coli, after Ag/PEI/CN treatments with different doses within 1 h and k cytotoxicity of Ag/PEI/CN bactericidal photocatalyst with different concentrations against HUVEC cells for 4 or 8 h. Reproduced with permission from Rao et al. (2021). Copyright @ 2021 Elsevier. l Photocatalytic disinfection efficiencies of E. coli, over g-C3N4, g-C3N4@AgVO3, and g-C3N4@Ag/AgVO3 composites, SEM images of the E. coli, cells m before and n after photocatalytic disinfection treatment. Reproduced with permission from Liu et al. (2019a). Copyright @ 2019 Elsevier. o Schematic representations of antibacterial activity for g-C3N4-SnO2/TiO2 nanotubes/Ti plate toward E. coli, under visible light irradiation. Reproduced with permission from Faraji et al. (2018). Copyright @ 2018 Elsevier

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Funding

This work was financially supported by the CSIR–India [03(1391)/16/EMR-II], UGC-SAP, India [530/20/DRS-II/2015 (SAP-I)], and DST-FIST, India [SR/FST/PSI-219/2016].

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  1. Department of Physics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102, India

    Tushar Kanti Jana & Kuntal Chatterjee

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  1. Tushar Kanti Jana
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T. K. Jana and K. Chatterjee both conceived the idea and contributed equally in the preparation of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kuntal Chatterjee.

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Jana, T.K., Chatterjee, K. Hybrid nanostructures exhibiting both photocatalytic and antibacterial activity—a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 95215–95249 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29015-5

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