Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Microplastics: a review of their impacts on different life forms and their removal methods

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The pollution of microplastics (MPs) is a worldwide major concern, as they have become a major part of our food chain. MPs enter our ecosystem via different pathways, including anthropogenic activities and improper disposal of plastics. The aim of this article is to review the current scientific literature related to MPs and how they affect different life forms on earth. Briefly, MPs induced negative effects on humans are primarily linked with the oxidative stress and disruption in immunity. MPs not only affect the soil chemical and physical properties such as reduction in soil health and productivity but also impose harmful effects on soil microorganisms. Moreover, MP-induced plant growth reduction results from three complementary mechanisms: (i) reduction in root and shoot growth, (ii) reduction in photosynthesis accompanied by higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and (iii) reduction in nutrient uptake via altered root growth. Given the negative effects of MPs on different life forms, it is important to remove or remediate them. We have discussed different MP removal methods including coagulation, membrane filtration technology, biochar, and biological degradation of MPs in soil and wastewater effluents. The use of ozone as ultrafiltration technique has also been shown as the most promising technique for MP removal. Finally, some future research recommendations are also put forward at the end to further enhance our understanding of the MPs induced negative effects on different life forms.

Graphical abstract

The flowchart shows the interaction of MPs from water contaminated with MPs with different parts of the ecosystem and final interaction with human health

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Different research sources have been used to collect the present data and can be tracked through given reference links.

Abbreviations

MPs:

Microplastics

PE:

Polyethylene

PVC:

Polyvinyl chloride

PP:

Polypropylene

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

PS:

Polystyrene

FDAse:

Fluorescein diacetate hydrolase

PES:

Poly-esters

OTC:

Oxytetracycline

LDPE:

Low-density polyethylene

HDPE:

High-density polyethylene

PO:

Phenol oxidase

PAN:

Polyacrylonitrile

PAEs:

Polyarylether

DEHP:

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

BBP:

Butyl benzyl phthalate

PLA:

Polylactic acid

MDA:

Malonaldehyde contents

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

CAT:

Catalase

MBR:

Membrane bioreactor

DM:

Dynamic membrane

RO:

Reverse osmosis

UF-RO:

Ultrafiltration-reverse osmosis

STPs:

Sewage treatment plants

PAM:

Polyacrylamide

PES:

Polyester

MFs:

Microfibers

PU:

Polyurethane

References   

  • Abayomi OA, Range P, Al-Ghouti MA, Obbard JP, Almeer SH, Ben-Hamadou R (2017) Microplastics in coastal environments of the Arabian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull 124(1):181–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adika SA, Mahu E, Crane R, Marchant R, Montford J, Folorunsho R, Gordon C (2020) Microplastic ingestion by pelagic and demersal fish species from the Eastern Central Atlantic Ocean, off the Coast of Ghana. Mar Pollut Bull 153:110998

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed MB, Zhou JL, Ngo HH, Guo W, Thomaidis NS, Xu J (2017) Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: a critical review. J Hazard Mater 323:274–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akarsu C, Deniz F (2021) Electrocoagulation/electroflotation process for removal of organics and microplastics in laundry wastewater. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water 49(1):2000146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allison SD, Jastrow JD (2006) Activities of extracellular enzymes in physically isolated fractions of restored grassland soils. Soil Biol Chem 38:3245–3256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Álvarez-Barragán J, Domínguez-Malfavón L, Vargas-Suárez M, González-Hernández R, Aguilar-Osorio G, Loza-Tavera H (2016) Biodegradative activities of selected environmental fungi on a polyester polyurethane varnish and polyether polyurethane foams. Appl Environ Microbiol 82(17):5225–5235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amélineau F, Bonnet D, Heitz O, Mortreux V, Harding AM, Karnovsky N, ... Grémillet D (2016) Microplastic pollution in the Greenland Sea: Background levels and selective contamination of planktivorous diving seabirds. Environ Pollut 219:1131–1139

  • Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62(8):1596–1605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antunes J, Frias J, Sobral P (2018) Microplastics on the Portuguese coast. Mar Pollut Bull 131:294–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aragaw TA (2020) Surgical face masks as a potential source for microplastic pollution in the COVID-19 scenario. Mar Pollut Bull 159:111517

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asli S, Neumann PM (2009) Colloidal suspensions of clay or titanium dioxide nanoparticles can inhibit leaf growth and transpiration via physical effects on root water transport. Plant Cell Environ 32(5):577–584

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atugoda T, Vithanage M, Wijesekara H, Bolan N, Sarmah AK, Bank MS et al (2021) Interactions between microplastics, pharmaceuticals and personal care products: Implications for vector transport. Environ Intl 149:106367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auta HS, Emenike CU, Fauziah SH (2017) Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions. Environ Int 102:165–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azeko ST, Etuk-Udo GA, Odusanya OS, Malatesta K, Anuku N, Soboyejo WO (2015) Biodegradation of linear low density polyethylene by Serratia marcescens subsp. marcescens and its cell free extracts. Waste Biomass Valoriz 6:1047–1057

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballesteros S, Domenech J, Barguilla I, Cortés C, Marcos R, Hernández A (2020) Genotoxic and immunomodulatory effects in human white blood cells after ex vivo exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics. Environ Sci Nano 7(11):3431–3446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandopadhyay S, Martin-Closas L, Pelacho AM, DeBruyn JM (2018) Biodegradable plastic mulch films: Impacts on soil microbial communities and ecosystem functions. Front Microbiol 9:819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belzagui F, Crespi M, Álvarez A, Gutiérrez-Bouzán C, Vilaseca M (2019) Microplastics’ emissions: microfibers’ detachment from textile garments. Environ Pollut 248:1028–1035

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt P, Huang Y, Zhan H, Chen S (2019) Insight into microbial applications for the biodegradation of pyrethroid insecticides. Front Microbiol 10:1778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt P, Pathak VM, Bagheri AR, Bilal M (2021) Microplastic contaminants in the aqueous environment, fate, toxicity consequences, and remediation strategies. Environ Res 200:111762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bläsing M, Amelung W (2018) Plastics in soil: analytical methods and possible sources. Sci Total Environ 612:422–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boots B, Russell CW, Green DS (2019) Effects of microplastics in soil ecosystems: above and below ground. Environ Sci Technol 53(19):11496–11506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosker T, Bouwman LJ, Brun NR, Behrens P, Vijver MG (2019) Microplastics accumulate on pores in seed capsule and delay germination and root growth of the terrestrial vascular plant Lepidium sativum. Chemosphere 226:774–781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher J, Friot D (2017) Primary microplastics in the oceans: a global evaluation of sources (vol 10). Iucn, Gland, Switzerland, pp 227–229

  • Bradney L, Wijesekara H, Palansooriya KN, Obadamudalige N, Bolan NS, Ok YS, Kirkham MB (2019) Particulate plastics as a vector for toxic trace-element uptake by aquatic and terrestrial organisms and human health risk. Environ Int 131:104937

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodhagen M, Goldberger JR, Hayes DG, Inglis DA, Marsh TL, Miles C (2017) Policy considerations for limiting unintended residual plastic in agricultural soils. Environ Sci Policy 69:81–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson R (2011) Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 45(21):9175–9179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butterly CR, McNeill AM, Baldock JA, Marschner P (2011) Rapid changes in carbon and phosphorus after rewetting of dry soil. Biol Fertil Soils 47(1):41–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campanale C, Galafassi S, Savino I, Massarelli C, Ancona V, Volta P, Uricchio VF (2022) Microplastics pollution in the terrestrial environments: poorly known diffuse sources and implications for plants. Sci Total Environ 805:150431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao D, Wang X, Luo X, Liu G,  Zheng H (2017) Effects of polystyrene microplastics on the fitness of earthworms in an agricultural soil. In IOP conference series: earth and environmental science (vol 61, No 1). IOP Publishing, p 012148

  • Capolupo M, Sørensen L, Jayasena KDR, Booth AM, Fabbri E (2020) Chemical composition and ecotoxicity of plastic and car tire rubber leachates to aquatic organisms. Water Res 169:115270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chai M, Li R, Li B, Wu H, Yu L (2023) Responses of mangrove (Kandelia obovata) growth, photosynthesis, and rhizosphere soil properties to microplastic pollution. Mar Pollut Bull 189:114827

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaukura N, Kefeni KK, Chikurunhe I, Nyambiya I, Gwenzi W, Mayo W, Nkambule TTI, Mamba BB, Abulude FO (2021) Microplastics in the aquatic environment—the occurrence, sources, ecological impacts, fate, and remediation challenges. Pollutants 1(2):95–118. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants1020009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Feng Q, Wang J (2020a) Mini-review of microplastics in the atmosphere and their risks to humans. Sci Total Environ 703:135504

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Liu X, Leng Y, Wang J (2020b) Defense responses in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to low-density polyethylene microplastics in soils. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 187:109788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Yang Y, Jing X, Zhang L, Chen J, Rensing C, Zhou S (2021) Enhanced aging of polystyrene microplastics in sediments under alternating anoxic-oxic conditions. Water Res 207:117782

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen R, Qi M, Zhang G, Yi C (2018) Comparative experiments on polymer degradation technique of produced water of polymer flooding oilfield. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 113(1). 012208. IOP Publishing

  • Chevallier T (2011) Physical protection of organic carbon in soil aggregates. In: Gliński J, Horabik J, Lipiec J (eds) Encyclopedia of agrophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiellini E, Corti A, Swift G (2003) Biodegradation of thermally-oxidized, fragmented low-density polyethylenes. Polym Degrad Stab 81(2):341–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claessens M, De Meester S, Van Landuyt L, De Clerck K, Janssen CR (2011) Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast. Mar Pollut Bull 62(10):2199–2204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claessens M, Van Cauwenberghe L, Vandegehuchte MB, Janssen CR (2013) New techniques for the detection of microplastics in sediments and field collected organisms. Mar Pollut Bul 70(1–2):227–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark JR, Cole M, Lindeque PK, Fileman E, Blackford J, Lewis C, Galloway TS (2016) Marine microplastic debris: a targeted plan for understanding and quantifying interactions with marine life. Front Ecol Environ 14(6):317–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çobanoğlu H, Belivermiş M, Sıkdokur E, Kılıç Ö, Çayır A (2021) Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of polyethylene microplastics on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Chemosphere 272:129805

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole M, Lindeque PK, Fileman E, Clark J, Lewis C, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2016) Microplastics alter the properties and sinking rates of zooplankton faecal pellets. Environ Sci Technol 50(6):3239–3246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colzi I, Renna L, Bianchi E et al (2022) Impact of microplastics on growth, photosynthesis and essential elements in Cucurbita pepo L. J Hazard Mater 423:127238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran PL, Norris T, Ceccanese T, Walzak MJ, Helm PA, Marvin CH (2015) Hidden plastics of Lake Ontario, Canada and their potential preservation in the sediment record. Environ. Pollut 204:17–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corradini F, Meza P, Eguiluz R, Casado F, Huerta-Lwanga E, Geissen V (2019) Evidence of microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils from sewage sludge disposal. Sci Total Environ 671:411–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crabbe JR, Campbell JR, Thompson L, Walz SL, Schultz WW (1994) Biodegradation of a colloidal ester-based polyurethane by soil fungi. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 33(2):103–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dad FP, Khan WUD, Tanveer M, Ramzani PMA, Shaukat R, Muktadir A (2020) Influence of iron-enriched biochar on Cd sorption, its ionic concentration and redox regulation of radish under cadmium toxicity. Agriculture 11(1):1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danso D, Chow J, Streit WR (2019) Plastics: environmental and biotechnological perspectives on microbial degradation. Appl Environ Microbiol 85(19):e01095-e1119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darby RT, Kaplan AM (1968) Fungal susceptibility of polyurethanes. Appl Microbiol 16(6):900–905

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Carvalho DG, Neto JAB (2016) Microplastic pollution of the beaches of Guanabara Bay, Southeast Brazil. Ocean Coast Manag 128:10–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Jesus Piñon-Colin T, Rodriguez-Jimenez R, Rogel-Hernandez E, Alvarez-Andrade A, Wakida FT (2020) Microplastics in stormwater runoff in a semiarid region, Tijuana, Mexico. Sci Total Environ 704:135411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Souza Machado AA, Kloas W, Zarfl C, Hempel S, Rillig MC (2018) Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems. Glob Change Biol 24(4):1405–1416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Souza Machado AA, Lau CW, Kloas W, Bergmann J, Bachelier JB, Faltin E, Rillig MC (2019) Microplastics can change soil properties and affect plant performance. Environ Sci Technol 53(10):6044–6052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delacuvellerie A, Cyriaque V, Gobert S, Benali S, Wattiez R (2019) The plastisphere in marine ecosystem hosts potential specific microbial degraders including Alcanivorax borkumensis as a key player for the low-density polyethylene degradation. J Hazard Mater 380:120899

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desforges JPW, Galbraith M, Dangerfield N, Ross PS (2014) Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull 79(1–2):94–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di M, Wang J (2018) Microplastics in surface waters and sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir. China Sci Total Environ 616:1620–1627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong T, Yu L, Gao D, Yu X, Miao C, Zheng Y, Chen S (2015) Direct quantification of fatty acids in wet microalgal and yeast biomass via a rapid in situ fatty acid methyl ester derivatization approach. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(23):10237–10247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong Y, Gao M, Song Z, Qiu W (2020) Microplastic particles increase arsenic toxicity to rice seedlings. Environ Pollut 259:113892

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Driedger AG, Dürr HH, Mitchell K, Van Cappellen P (2015) Plastic debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: a review. J Great Lakes Res 41(1):9–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan J, Bolan N, Li Y, Ding S, Atugoda T, Vithanage M, Kirkham MB (2021) Weathering of microplastics and interaction with other coexisting constituents in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Water Res 196:117011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enfrin M, Dumée LF, Lee J (2019) Nano/microplastics in water and wastewater treatment processes–origin, impact and potential solutions. Water Res 161:621–638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enyoh CE, Shafea L, Verla AW, Verla EN, Qingyue W, Chowdhury T, Paredes M (2020) Microplastics exposure routes and toxicity studies to ecosystems: an overview. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 35:e2020004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen M, Mason S, Wilson S, Box C, Zellers A, Edwards W, ... Amato S (2013) Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Mar Pollut Bull 77(1–2):177–182

  • Ersahin ME, Tao Y, Ozgun H, Gimenez JB, Spanjers H, van Lier JB (2017) Impact of anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor configuration on treatment and filterability performance. J Membr Sci 526:387–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Essel R, Engel L, Carus M, Ahrens RH (2015) Sources of microplastics relevant to marine protection in Germany. Texte 64(2015):1219–1226

    Google Scholar 

  • Europe P (2015) Plastics the facts 2014/2015: an analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data. Plastic Europe, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahrenfeld NL, Arbuckle-Keil G, Beni NN, Bartelt-Hunt SL (2019) Source tracking microplastics in the freshwater environment. TrAC 112:248–254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fei Y, Huang S, Zhang H, Tong Y, Wen D, Xia X, Barceló D (2020) Response of soil enzyme activities and bacterial communities to the accumulation of microplastics in an acid cropped soil. Sci Total Environ 707:135634

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng HM, Zheng JC, Lei NY, Yu L, Kong KHK, Yu HQ, Lam MH (2011) Photoassisted Fenton degradation of polystyrene. Environ Sci Technol 45(2):744–750

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fok L, Cheung PK (2015) Hong Kong at the Pearl River Estuary: a hotspot of microplastic pollution. Mar Pollut Bull 99(1–2):112–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forte M, Iachetta G, Tussellino M, Carotenuto R, Prisco M, De Falco M, Valiante S (2016) Polystyrene nanoparticles internalization in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Toxicol in Vitro 31:126–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fossi MC, Panti C, Guerranti C, Coppola D, Giannetti M, Marsili L, Minutoli R (2012) Are baleen whales exposed to the threat of microplastics? A case study of the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Marine Pollut Bull 64(11):2374–2379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fossi MC, Coppola D, Baini M, Giannetti M, Guerranti C, Marsili L, ... Clò S (2014) Large filter feeding marine organisms as indicators of microplastic in the pelagic environment: the case studies of the Mediterranean basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) and fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Mar Environ Res 100:17–24

  • Fossi MC, Romeo T, Baini M, Panti C, Marsili L, Campani T, Lapucci C (2017) Plastic debris occurrence, convergence areas and fin whales feeding ground in the Mediterranean marine protected area Pelagos sanctuary: a modeling approach. Front Mar Sci 4:167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Free CM, Jensen OP, Mason SA, Eriksen M, Williamson NJ, Boldgiv B (2014) High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake. Mar Pollut Bull 85(1):156–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller S, Gautam A (2016) A procedure for measuring microplastics using pressurized fluid extraction. Environ Sci Technol 50(11):5774–5780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher A, Rees A, Rowe R, Stevens J, Wright P (2016) Microplastics in the Solent estuarine complex, UK: an initial assessment. Mar Pollut Bull 102(2):243–249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao M, Liu Y, Song Z (2019) Effects of polyethylene microplastic on the phytotoxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort). Chemosphere 237:124482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao M, Xu Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang C, Dong Y, Song Z (2021) Effect of polystyrene on di-butyl phthalate (DBP) bioavailability and DBP-induced phytotoxicity in lettuce. Environ Pollut 268:115870

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Germanov ES, Marshall AD, Bejder L, Fossi MC, Loneragan NR (2018) Microplastics: no small problem for filter-feeding megafauna. Trends Ecol Evol 33(4):227–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (2017) Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci Adv 3(7):e1700782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giacomucci L, Raddadi N, Soccio M, Lotti N, Fava F (2020) Biodegradation of polyvinyl chloride plastic films by enriched anaerobic marine consortia. Marine Eviron Res 158:104949

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grafmueller S, Manser P, Diener L, Diener PA, Maeder-Althaus X, Maurizi L, ... Wick P (2015) Bidirectional transfer study of polystyrene nanoparticles across the placental barrier in an ex vivo human placental perfusion model. Environ Health Perspect 123(12):1280–1286

  • Grbic J, Nguyen B, Guo E, You JB, Sinton D, Rochman CM (2019) Magnetic extraction of microplastics from environmental samples. Environ Sci Technol Lett 6(2):68–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo X, Liu Y, Wang J (2019) Sorption of sulfamethazine onto different types of microplastics: a combined experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study. Marine Pollut Bull 145:547–554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadar Y, Sivan A (2004) Colonization, biofilm formation and biodegradation of polyethylene by a strain of Rhodococcus ruber. App Microbiol Technol 65:97–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartline NL, Bruce NJ, Karba SN, Ruff EO, Sonar SU, Holden PA (2016) Microfiber masses recovered from conventional machine washing of new or aged garments. Environ Sci Tecnol 50(21):11532–11538

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez-Milian G, Lusher A, MacGabban S, Rogan E (2019) Microplastics in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) intestines: are they associated with parasite aggregations? Marine Pollut. Bull 146:349–354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera A, Garrido-Amador P, Martínez I, Samper MD, López-Martínez J, Gómez M, Packard TT (2018) Novel methodology to isolate microplastics from vegetal-rich samples. Mar Pollut Bull 129(1):61–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hidalgo-Ruz V, Thiel M (2013) Distribution and abundance of small plastic debris on beaches in the SE Pacific (Chile): a study supported by a citizen science project. Mar Environ Res 87:12–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hidayaturrahman H, Lee TG (2019) A study on characteristics of microplastic in wastewater of South Korea: Identification, quantification, and fate of microplastics during treatment process. Marine Pollut Bull 146:696–702

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes LA, Turner A, Thompson RC (2014) Interactions between trace metals and plastic production pellets under estuarine conditions. Marine Chem 167:25–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horton AA, Dixon SJ (2018) Microplastics: an introduction to environmental transport processes. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Water 5(2):1268–1283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horton AA, Walton A, Spurgeon DJ, Lahive E, Svendsen C (2017) Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Sci Total Environ 586:127–141

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard GT, Norton WN, Burks T (2012) Growth of Acinetobacter gerneri P7 on polyurethane and the purification and characterization of a polyurethanase enzyme. Biodegrad 23:561–573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Zhao Y, Wang J, Zhang M, Jia W, Qin X (2019) LDPE microplastic films alter microbial community composition and enzymatic activities in soil. Environ Pollut 254:112983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Liu Q, Jia W, Yan C, Wang J (2020) Agricultural plastic mulching as a source of microplastics in the terrestrial environment. Environ Pollut 260:114096

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huerta Lwanga E, Gertsen H, Gooren H, Peters P, Salánki T, Van Der Ploeg M, Geissen V (2016) Microplastics in the terrestrial ecosystem: implications for Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Environ Sci Technol 50(5):2685–2691

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huerta Lwanga E, Mendoza Vega J, Ku Quej V, Chi JDLA, Sanchez del Cid L, Chi C, ... Geissen V (2017) Field evidence for transfer of plastic debris along a terrestrial food chain. Sci Rep 7(1):14071

  • Hüffer T, Metzelder F, Sigmund G, Slawek S, Schmidt TC, Hofmann T (2019) Polyethylene microplastics influence the transport of organic contaminants in soil. Sci Total Environ 657:242–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley RR, Nizzetto L (2018) Fate and occurrence of micro (nano) plastics in soils: knowledge gaps and possible risks. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 1:6–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrar I, Altaee A, Zhou JL, Naji O, Khanafer D (2020) Challenges and potentials of forward osmosis process in the treatment of wastewater. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 50(13):1339–1383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imhof HK, Sigl R, Brauer E, Feyl S, Giesemann P, Klink S, ... Laforsch C (2017) Spatial and temporal variation of macro-, meso-and microplastic abundance on a remote coral island of the Maldives, Indian Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull 116(1–2):340–347

  • Islam S, Apitius L, Jakob F, Schwaneberg U (2019) Targeting microplastic particles in the void of diluted suspensions. Environ Int 123:428–435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isobe A, Uchida K, Tokai T, Iwasaki S (2015) East Asian seas: a hot spot of pelagic microplastics. Mar Pollut Bull 101(2):618–623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, Law KL (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Sci 347(6223):768–771

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen B, Schumacher-Perdreau F, Peters G, Pulverer G (1991) Evidence for degradation of synthetic polyurethanes by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 276(1):36–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang C, Yin L, Li Z, Wen X, Luo X, Hu S, Yang H, Long Y, Deng B, Huang L, Liu Y (2019) Microplastic pollution in the rivers of the Tibet Plateau. Environ Pollut 249:91–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang X, Chen H, Liao Y, Ye Z, Li M, Klobučar G (2019b) Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of polystyrene microplastics on higher plant Vicia faba. Environ Pollut 250:831–838

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang L, Yin M, Tang Y, Dai R, Mo L, Yang W, ... , Huang K (2022) Microfibers shed from synthetic textiles during laundry: flow to wastewater treatment plants or release to receiving waters through storm drains? Process Saf Environ Protect 168:689–697

  • Ju H, Zhu D, Qiao M (2019) Effects of polyethylene microplastics on the gut microbial community, reproduction and avoidance behaviors of the soil springtail, Folsomia candida. Environ Pollut 247:890–897

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Judy JD, Williams M, Gregg A, Oliver D, Kumar A, Kookana R, Kirby JK (2019) Microplastics in municipal mixed-waste organic outputs induce minimal short to long-term toxicity in key terrestrial biota. Environ Pollut 252:522–531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karami A, Golieskardi A, Choo CK, Larat V, Galloway TS, Salamatinia B (2017) The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries. Sci Rep 7(1):1–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasirajan S, Ngouajio M (2012) Polyethylene and biodegradable mulches for agricultural applications: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 32(2):501–529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay MJ, Morton LHG, Prince EL (1991) Bacterial degradation of polyester polyurethane. Int Biodeterior 27(2):205–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan WUD, Shaukat R, Farooq MA, Ashraf MN, Nadeem F, Tanveer M, Sun N (2022) Iron-doped biochar regulated soil nickel adsorption, wheat growth, its physiology and elemental concentration under contrasting abiotic stresses. Sustain 14(13):7852

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim IS, Chae DH, Kim SK, Choi S, Woo SB (2015) Factors influencing the spatial variation of microplastics on high-tidal coastal beaches in Korea. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 69:299–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klavarioti M, Mantzavinos D, Kassinos D (2009) Removal of residual pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by advanced oxidation processes. Environ Int 35(2):402–417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein S, Worch E, Knepper TP (2015) Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the Rhine-Main area in Germany. Environ Sci Technol 49(10):6070–6076

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klingelhöfer D, Braun M, Quarcoo D, Brüggmann D, Groneberg DA (2020) Research landscape of a global environmental challenge: microplastics. Water Res 170:115358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosore C, Ojwang L, Maghanga J, Kamau J, Kimeli A, Omukoto J, Ndirui E (2018) Occurrence and ingestion of microplastics by zooplankton in Kenya’s marine environment: first documented evidence. Afr J Mar Sci 40(3):225–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalczyk A, Chyc M, Ryszka P, Latowski D (2016) Achromobacter xylosoxidans as a new microorganism strain colonizing high-density polyethylene as a key step to its biodegradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:11349–11356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar M, Xiong X, He M, Tsang DCW, Gupta J, Khan E, Bolan NS (2020) Microplastics as pollutants in agricultural soils. Environ Pollut 265:11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, Sharma P, Manna C, Jain M (2021) Abundance, interaction, ingestion, ecological concerns, and mitigation policies of microplastic pollution in riverine ecosystem: a review. Sci Total Environ 782:146695

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwak JI, An YJ (2021) Microplastic digestion generates fragmented nanoplastics in soils and damages earthworm spermatogenesis and coelomocyte viability. J Hazard Mater 402:124034

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larue C, Sarret G, Castillo-Michel H, Pradas del Real AE (2021) A critical review on the impacts of nanoplastics and microplastics on aquatic and terrestrial photosynthetic organisms. Small 17(20):2005834

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lassen C, Hansen SF, Magnusson K, Hartmann NB, Rehne Jensen P (2015) Microplastics-occurrence, effects and sources of releases to the environment in Denmark. Minist Environ Food Denmark

  • Lastovina TA, Budnyk AP (2021) A review of methods for extraction, removal, and stimulated degradation of microplastics. J Water Process Eng 43:102209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F, Sainte-Rose B, Aitken J, Marthouse R, Reisser J (2018) Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Sci Rep 8(1):1–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann A, Leifheit EF, Feng L, Bergmann J, Wulf A, Rillig MC (2020) Microplastic fiber and drought effects on plants and soil are only slightly modified by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Ecol Lett 4:32–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann A, Leifheit EF, Gerdawischke M, Rillig MC (2021) Microplastics have shape-and polymer-dependent effects on soil aggregation and organic matter loss–an experimental and meta-analytical approach. Microplastics and Nanoplastics 1(1):1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Qu X, Su L, Zhang W, Yang D, Kolandhasamy P, Shi H (2016a) Microplastics in mussels along the coastal waters of China. Environ Pollut 214:177–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li K, Ma D, Wu J, Chai C, Shi Y (2016b) Distribution of phthalate esters in agricultural soil with plastic film mulching in Shandong Peninsula, East China. Chemosphere 164:314–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Green C, Reynolds A, Shi H, Rotchell JM (2018a) Microplastics in mussels sampled from coastal waters and supermarkets in the United Kingdom. Environ Pollut 241:35–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Xu G, Yu H, Xing J (2018b) Dynamic membrane for microparticle removal in wastewater treatment: performance and influencing factors. Sci Total Environ 627:332–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Zhou Q, Yin N, Tu C, Luo Y (2019) Uptake and accumulation of microplastics in an edible plant. Chinese Sci Bull 64(9):928–934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Busquets R, Campos LC (2020a) Assessment of microplastics in freshwater systems: a review. Sci Total Environ 707:135578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Luo Y, Li R, Zhou Q, Peijnenburg WJ, Yin N, Zhang Y (2020b) Effective uptake of submicrometre plastics by crop plants via a crack-entry mode. Nat Sustain 3(11):929–937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Wang P, Zhang C, Zhou X, Yin Z, Hu T, Zhu L (2020c) Influence of polystyrene microplastics on the growth, photosynthetic efficiency and aggregation of freshwater microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Sci Total Environ 714:136767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li B, Huang S, Wang H, Liu M, Xue S, Tang D, Yang X (2021a) Effects of plastic particles on germination and growth of soybean (Glycine max): a pot experiment under field condition. Environ Pollut 272:116418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Guo K, Cao Y, Wang S, Song Y, Zhang H (2021b) Enhance in mobility of oxytetracycline in a sandy loamy soil caused by the presence of microplastics. Environ Pollut 269:116151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Wang T, Guo J, Dong Y, Wang Z, Gong L, Li X (2021c) Polystyrene microplastics disturb the redox homeostasis, carbohydrate metabolism and phytohormone regulatory network in barley. J Hazard Mater 415:125614

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lian JP, Wu J, Xiong H et al (2020) Impact of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J Hazard Mater 385:121620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang Y, Lehmann A, Yang G, Leifheit EF, Rillig MC (2021) Effects of microplastic fibers on soil aggregation and enzyme activities are organic matter dependent. Front Environ Sci 9:97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebezeit G, Liebezeit E (2013) Non-pollen particulates in honey and sugar. Food Addit Contam Part A 30(12):2136–2140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin L, Zuo LZ, Peng JP, Cai LQ, Fok L, Yan Y, Xu XR (2018) Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in an urban river: a case study in the Pearl River along Guangzhou City. China Sci Total Environ 644:375–381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin D, Yang G, Dou P, Qian S, Zhao L, Yang Y, Fanin N (2020a) Microplastics negatively affect soil fauna but stimulate microbial activity: insights from a field-based microplastic addition experiment. Proc Royal Soc B 287:20201268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin X, Lei H, Huo E, Qian M, Mateo W, Zhang Q, Villota E (2020b) Enhancing jet fuel range hydrocarbons production from catalytic co-pyrolysis of Douglas fir and low-density polyethylene over bifunctional activated carbon catalysts. Energy Convers Manag 211:112757

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Yang X, Liu G, Liang C, Xue S, Chen H, Geissen V (2017) Response of soil dissolved organic matter to microplastic addition in Chinese loess soil. Chemosphere 185:907–917

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu F, Nord NB, Bester K, Vollertsen J (2020) Microplastics removal from treated wastewater by a biofilter. Water 12(4):1085

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu M, Feng J, Shen Y, Zhu B (2023) Microplastics effects on soil biota are dependent on their properties: a meta-analysis. Soil Biol Biochem 108940

  • Lozano YM, Rillig MC (2020) Effects of microplastic fibers and drought on plant communities. Environ Sci Technol 54(10):6166–6173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lozano YM, Lehnert T, Linck LT, Lehmann A, Rillig MC (2021) Microplastic shape, polymer type, and concentration affect soil properties and plant biomass. Front Plant Sci 12:616645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu K, Qiao R, An H, Zhang Y (2018) Influence of microplastics on the accumulation and chronic toxic effects of cadmium in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere 202:514–520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lwanga EH, Vega JM, Quej VK, de los Angeles chi J, Del Cid LS, Chi C, Geissen V (2017) Field evidence for transfer of plastic debris along a terrestrial food chain. Sci. Rep 7(1):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma X, Geiser-Lee J, Deng Y, Kolmakov A (2010) Interactions between engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and plants: phytotoxicity, uptake and accumulation. Sci Total Environ 408(16):3053–3061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma B, Xue W, Hu C, Liu H, Qu J, Li L (2019) Characteristics of microplastic removal via coagulation and ultrafiltration during drinking water treatment. J Chem Eng 359:159–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnin A, Pollet E, Perrin R, Ullmann C, Persillon C, Phalip V, Avérous L (2019) Enzymatic recycling of thermoplastic polyurethanes: Synergistic effect of an esterase and an amidase and recovery of building blocks. Waste Manag 85:141–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnuson K, Eliason K, Frane A, Haikonen K, Hulten J, Olshammar M, Stadmark J, Voisin A (2016) Swedish sources and pathways for microplastics to the marine environment. www.ivl.se/webdav/files/Rapporter/C183.pdf. Accessed 10 Oct 2022

  • Magnusson K, Norén F (2014) Screening of microplastic particles in and down-stream a wastewater treatment plant. IVL Svenska MIljöinstitutet. Rapport 55:22

  • Malankowska M, Echaide-Gorriz C, Coronas J (2021) Microplastics in marine environment: a review on sources, classification, and potential remediation by membrane technology. Environ Sci: Water Res Technol 7(2):243–258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mao R, Lang M, Yu X, Wu R, Yang X, Guo X (2020) Aging mechanism of microplastics with UV irradiation and its effects on the adsorption of heavy metals. J Hazard Mater 393:122515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumiya Y, Murata N, Tanabe E, Kubota K, Kubo M (2010) Isolation and characterization of an ether-type polyurethane-degrading micro-organism and analysis of degradation mechanism by Alternaria sp. J App Microbiol 108(6):1946–1953

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menicagli V, Castiglione MR, Balestri E, Giorgetti L, Bottega S, Sorce C, ..., Lardicci C (2022) Early evidence of the impacts of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution on the growth and physiology of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Sci Total Environ 838:156514

  • Merga LB, Redondo-Hasselerharm PE, Van den Brink PJ, Koelmans AA (2020) Distribution of microplastic and small macroplastic particles across four fish species and sediment in an African lake. Sci Total Environ 741:140527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan (METI) Current status of production and supply of face masks, antiseptics and toilet paper. 2020. https://www.meti.go.jp/english/covid-19/mask.htm April 23. Retrieved on May 7, 2020.

  • Mohan D, Sarswat A, Ok YS, Pittman CU Jr (2014) Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent–a critical review. Bioresour Technol 160:191–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty SK, Valenca R, Berger AW, You IKM, Xiong X, Sanuders TM (2018) Plenty of room for carbon on the ground: potential applications of biochar for stormwater treatment. Sci Total Eviron 625:1644–1658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mondal NK, Kundu S, Debnath P, Mondal A, Sen K (2022) Effects of polyethylene terephthalate microplastic on germination, biochemistry and phytotoxicity of Cicer arietinum L. and cytotoxicity study on Allium cepa L. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 94:103908

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monti DM, Guarnieri D, Napolitano G, Piccoli R, Netti P, Fusco S, Arciello A (2015) Biocompatibility, uptake and endocytosis pathways of polystyrene nanoparticles in primary human renal epithelial cells. J Biotechnol 193:3–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mor R, Sivan A (2008) Biofilm formation and partial biodegradation of polystyrene by the actinomycete Rhodococcus ruber: biodegradation of polystyrene. Biodegradation 19:851–858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno MM, González-Mora S, Villena J, Campos JA, Moreno C (2017) Deterioration pattern of six biodegradable, potentially low-environmental impact mulches in field conditions. J Environ Manag 200:490–501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munari C, Infantini V, Scoponi M, Rastelli E, Corinaldesi C, Mistri M (2017) Microplastics in the sediments of terra nova bay (ross sea, Antarctica). Marine Pollut Bull 122(1–2):161–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nabi I, Zhang L (2022) A review on microplastics separation techniques from environmental media. J Clean Prod 337:130458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nair S, Kumar P (2007) Molecular characterization of a lipase-producing Bacillus pumilus strain (NMSN-1d) utilizing colloidal water-dispersible polyurethane. World J Microbiol 23(10):1441–1449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima-Kambe T, Onuma F, Kimpara N, Nakahara T (1995) Isolation and characterization of a bacterium which utilizes polyester polyurethane as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. FEMS Microbiol Lett 129(1):39–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nel HA, Froneman PW (2015) A quantitative analysis of microplastic pollution along the south-eastern coastline of South Africa. Mar Pollut Bull 101(1):274–279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neves D, Sobral P, Ferreira JL, Pereira T (2015) Ingestion of microplastics by commercial fish off the Portuguese coast. Marine Pollut Bull 101(1):119–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng EL, Lwanga EH, Eldridge SM, Johnston P, Hu HW, Geissen V, Chen D (2018) An overview of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems. Sci Total Environ 627:1377–1388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niu L, Li Y, Li Y, Hu Q, Wang C, Hu J, Zhang H (2021) New insights into the vertical distribution and microbial degradation of microplastics in urban river sediments. Water Res 188:116449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nolte TM, Hartmann NB, Kleijn JM, Garnæs J, Van De Meent D, Hendriks AJ, Baun A (2017) The toxicity of plastic nanoparticles to green algae as influenced by surface modification, medium hardness and cellular adsorption. Aquat Toxicol 183:11–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oceguera-Cervantes A, Carrillo-García A, López N, Bolanos-Nunez S, Cruz-Gómez MJ, Wacher C, Loza-Tavera H (2007) Characterization of the polyurethanolytic activity of two Alicycliphilus sp. strains able to degrade polyurethane and N-methylpyrrolidone. App Environ Microbiol 73(19):6214–6223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor JD, Lally HT, Mahon AM, O’Connor I, Nash R, O’Sullivan JJ, Murphy S (2022) Microplastics in Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) spraints and their potential as a biomonitoring tool in freshwater systems. Ecosphere 13(7):e3955

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oikawa E, Linn KT, Endo T, Oikawa T, Ishibashi Y (2003) Isolation and characterization of polystyrene degrading microorganisms for zero emission treatment of expanded polystyrene. Environ Eng Res 40:373–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Oßmann BE, Sarau G, Holtmannspötter H, Pischetsrieder M, Christiansen SH, Dicke W (2018) Small-sized microplastics and pigmented particles in bottled mineral water. Water Resour 141:307–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Paço A, Duarte K, da Costa JP, Santos PS, Pereira R, Pereira ME, Rocha-Santos TA (2017) Biodegradation of polyethylene microplastics by the marine fungus Zalerion maritimum. Sci Total Environ 586:10–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan Z, Liu Q, Jiang R, Li W, Sun X, Lin H, Huang H (2021) Microplastic pollution and ecological risk assessment in an estuarine environment: the Dongshan Bay of China. Chemosphere 262:127876

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panebianco A, Nalbone L, Giarratana F, Ziino G (2019) First discoveries of microplastics in terrestrial snails. Food Control 106:106722

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perren W, Wojtasik A, Cai Q (2018) Removal of microbeads from wastewater using electrocoagulation. ACS Omega 3(3):3357–3364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pflugmacher S, Sulek A, Mader H, Heo J, Noh JH, Penttinen OP, Esterhuizen M (2020) The influence of new and artificial aged microplastic and leachates on the germination of Lepidium sativum L. Plants 9(3):339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pignattelli S, Broccoli A, Renzi M (2020) Physiological responses of garden cress (L. sativum) to different types of microplastics. Sci. Total Environ 727:138609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pignattelli S, Broccoli A, Renzi M (2020) Physiological responses of garden cress (L. sativum) to different types of microplastics. Sci Total Environ 727:138609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pignattelli S, Broccoli A, Piccardo M, Terlizzi A, Renzi M (2021) Effects of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics and acid rain on physiology and growth of Lepidium sativum. Environ Pollut 282:116997

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pivokonsky M, Bubakova P, Pivokonska L, Hnatukova P (2011) The effect of global velocity gradient on the character and filterability of aggregates formed during the coagulation/flocculation process. Environ Technol 32(12):1355–1366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pivokonsky M, Cermakova L, Novotna K, Peer P, Cajthaml T, Janda V (2018) Occurrence of microplastics in raw and treated drinking water. Sci Total Environ 643:1644–1651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PlasticsEurope, (2019) Plastics — the facts 2019: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data. PlasticsEurope, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • Poma A, Vecchiotti G, Colafarina S, Zarivi O, Aloisi M, Arrizza L, Di Carlo P (2019) In vitro genotoxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles on the human fibroblast Hs27 cell line. Nanomaterials 9(9):1299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prata JC (2018) Airborne microplastics: consequences to human health? Environ. Pollut 234:115–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prata JC, da Costa JP, Lopes I, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T (2019) Effects of microplastics on microalgae populations: a critical review. Sci Total Environ 665:400–405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prata JC, da Costa JP, Lopes I, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T (2020) Environmental exposure to microplastics: an overview on possible human health effects. Sci Total Environ 702:134455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prendergast-Miller MT, Katsiamides A, Abbass M, Sturzenbaum SR, Thorpe KL, Hodson ME (2019) Polyester-derived microfibre impacts on the soil-dwelling earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Environ Pollut 251:453–459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Priya AK, Jalil AA, Vadivel S, Dutta K, Rajendran S, Fujii M, Soto-Moscoso M (2022) Heavy metal remediation from wastewater using microalgae: recent advances and future trends. Chemosphere 305:135375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pullin AS, Knight TM (2005) Assessing conservation management’s evidence base: a survey of management-plan compilers in the United Kingdom and Australia. Conserv Biol 19(6):1989–1996

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qi Y, Yang X, Pelaez AM, Lwanga EH, Beriot N, Gertsen H, Geissen V (2018) Macro-and micro-plastics in soil-plant system: effects of plastic mulch film residues on wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth. Sci Total Environ 645:1048–1056

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qi R, Jones DL, Li Z, Liu Q, Yan C (2020) Behavior of microplastics and plastic film residues in the soil environment: a critical review. Sci Total Environ 703:134722

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren X, Tang J, Wang L, Liu Q (2021) Microplastics in soil-plant system: effects of nano/microplastics on plant photosynthesis, rhizosphere microbes and soil properties in soil with different residues. Plant Soil 462:561–576

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Revel M, Châtel A, Mouneyrac C (2018) Micro (nano) plastics: a threat to human health? Curr Opi Environ Sci Health 1:17–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rillig MC, Ingraffia R, de Souza Machado AA (2017) Microplastic incorporation into soil in agroecosystems. Front Plant Sci 8:1805

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rillig MC, Lehmann A, de Souza Machado AA, Yang G (2019) Microplastic Effects on Plants. New Phtologist 223(3):1066–1070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rillig MC, Leifheit E, Lehmann J (2021) Microplastic effects on carbon cycling processes in soils. PLoS Biol 19(3):e3001130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues MO, Abrantes N, Gonçalves FJM, Nogueira H, Marques JC, Gonçalves AMM (2018) Spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics in water and sediments of a freshwater system (Antuã River, Portugal). Sci Total Environ 633:1549–1559

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rovira P, Vallejo VR (2007) Labile, recalcitrant, and inert organic matter in Mediterranean forest soils. Soil Biol Biochem 39(1):202–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ru J, Huo Y, Yang Y (2020) Microbial degradation and valorization of plastic wastes. Front Microbiol 11:442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell JR, Huang J, Anand P, Kucera K, Sandoval AG, Dantzler KW, Strobel SA (2011) Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi. App Environ Microbiol 77(17):6076–6084

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salim SY, Kaplan GG, Madsen KL (2014) Air pollution effects on the gut microbiota: a link between exposure and inflammatory disease. Gut Microbes 5(2):215–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarmah P, Rout J (2018) Efficient biodegradation of low-density polyethylene by cyanobacteria isolated from submerged polyethylene surface in domestic sewage water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:33508–33520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabl P, Köppel S, Königshofer P, Bucsics T, Trauner M, Reiberger T, Liebmann B (2019) Detection of various microplastics in human stool: a prospective case series. Ann Int Medi 171(7):453–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selonen S, Dolar A, Kokalj AJ, Skalar T, Dolcet LP, Hurley R, van Gestel CA (2020) Exploring the impacts of plastics in soil–The effects of polyester textile fibers on soil invertebrates. Sci Total Environ 700:134451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seltenrich N (2016) Erratum: “New link in the food chain? Marine plastic pollution and seafood safety.” Environ Health Perspect 124(7):A123–A123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah AA, Hasan F, Hameed A, Ahmed S (2008) Biological degradation of plastics: a comprehensive review. Biotech Adv 26(3):246–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen M, Zeng Z, Song B, Yi H, Hu T, Zhang Y, Xiao R (2021) Neglected microplastics pollution in global COVID-19: disposable surgical masks. Sci Total Environ 790:148130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi M, Sun Y, Wang Z, He G, Quan H, He H (2019) Plastic film mulching increased the accumulation and human health risks of phthalate esters in wheat grains. Environ Pollut 250:1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shruti VC, Pérez-Guevara F, Elizalde-Martínez I, Kutralam-Muniasamy G (2020) First study of its kind on the microplastic contamination of soft drinks, cold tea and energy drinks-Future research and environmental considerations. Sci Total Environ 726:138580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegfried M, Koelmans AA, Besseling E, Kroeze C (2017) Export of microplastics from land to sea: a modelling approach. Water Res 127:249–257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siipola V, Pflugmacher S, Romar H, Wendling L, Koukkari P (2020) Low-cost biochar adsorbents for water purification including microplastics removal. App Sci 10(3):788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva ALP, Prata JC, Walker TR, Duarte AC, Ouyang W, Barcelò D, Rocha-Santos T (2021) Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and recommendations. Chem Eng J 405:126683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sintim HY, Bary AI, Hayes DG, English ME, Schaeffer SM, Miles CA, Flury M (2019) Release of micro-and nanoparticles from biodegradable plastic during in situ composting Sci. Total Environ 675:686–693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer F, Dietze V, Baum A, Sauer J, Gilge S, Maschowski C, Gieré R (2018) Tire abrasion as a major source of microplastics in the environment. Aerosol Air Qual Res 18(8):2014–2028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sowmya HV, Krishnappa M, Thippeswamy B (2014) Degradation of polyethylene by Trichoderma harzianum—SEM, FTIR, and NMR analyses. Environ Monitor Assess 186(10):6577–6586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sridharan S, Kumar M, Saha M, Kirkham MB, Singh L, Bolan NS (2022) The polymers and their additives in particulate plastics: what makes them hazardous to the fauna? Sci Total Environ 824:153828

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sruthy S, Ramasamy EV (2017) Microplastic pollution in Vembanad Lake, Kerala, India: the first report of microplastics in lake and estuarine sediments in India. Environ Pollut 222:315–322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su L, Xue Y, Li L, Yang D, Kolandhasamy P, Li D, Shi H (2016) Microplastics in Taihu lake. China Environ Pollut 216:711–719

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sudhakar M, Doble M, Murthy PS, Venkatesan R (2008) Marine microbe-mediated biodegradation of low-and high-density polyethylenes. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 61(3):203–213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun XD, Yuan XZ, Jia Y, Feng LJ, Zhu FP, Dong SS, Xing B (2020) Differentially charged nanoplastics demonstrate distinct accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature Nanotechnol 15(9):755–760

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundbæk KB, Koch IDW, Villaro CG, Rasmussen NS, Holdt SL, Hartmann NB (2018) Sorption of fluorescent polystyrene microplastic particles to edible seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. J App Phycol 30:2923–2927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundt P, Schulze PE, Syversen F (2014) Sources of microplastic-pollution to the marine environment. Mepex Norwegian Environ Agency 86:20

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton R, Mason SA, Stanek SK, Willis-Norton E, Wren IF, Box C (2016) Microplastic contamination in the San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Marine Pollut Bull 109(1):230–235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talvitie J, Mikola A, Koistinen A, Setälä O (2017) Solutions to microplastic pollution—removal of microplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Water Res 123:401–407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanveer M, Ahmed HAI (2020) ROS signalling in modulating salinity stress tolerance in plants. In: Hasanuzzaman M, Tanveer M (eds) Salt and drought stress tolerance in plants. Signaling and communication in plants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40277-8_11

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Teuten EL, Saquing JM, Knappe DRU, Barlaz MA, Jonsson S, BjÃrn A, Rowland SJ, Thompson RC, Galloway TS, Yamashita R, Ochi D, Watanuki Y, Moore C, Viet PH, Tana TS, Prudente M, Boonyatumanond R, Zakaria MP, Akkhavong K, Ogata Y, Hirai H, Iwasa S, Mizukawa K, Hagino Y, Imamura A, Saha M, Takada H (2009) Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife. Philos Trans R Soc 364:2027–2045

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari N, Santhiya D, Sharma JG (2020) Microbial remediation of micro-nano plastics: current knowledge and future trends. Environ Pollut 265:115044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner A, Holmes L (2011) Occurrence, distribution and characteristics of beached plastic production pellets on the island of Malta (central Mediterranean). Marine Pollut Bull 62(2):377–381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Udovicki B, Andjelkovic M, Cirkovic-Velickovic T, Rajkovic A (2022) Microplastics food: scoping review on health effects, occurrence, and human exposure. Int J Food Contam 9(1):1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Hal N, Ariel A, Angel DL (2017) Exceptionally high abundances of microplastics in the oligotrophic Israeli Mediterranean coastal waters. Marine Pollut Bull 116(1–2):151–155

    Google Scholar 

  • van Kleunen M, Brumer A, Gutbrod L, Zhang Z (2020) A microplastic used as infill material in artificial sport turfs reduces plant growth. Plants, People, Planet 2(2):157–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vianello A, Boldrin A, Guerriero P, Moschino V, Rella R, Sturaro A, Da Ros L (2013) Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice, Italy: First observations on occurrence, spatial patterns and identification. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 130:54–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wan Z, Wang C, Zhou J, Shen M, Wang X, Fu Z, Ji Y (2019) Effects of polystyrene microplastics on the composition of the microbiome and metabolism in larval zebrafish. Chemosphere 217:646–658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Wong CS, Chen D, Lu X, Wang F, Zeng EY (2018) Interaction of toxic chemicals with microplastics: a critical review. Water Res 139:208–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhang S, Adams CA, Sun Y (2020a) Effects of co-contamination of microplastics and Cd on plant growth and Cd accumulation. Toxics 8(2):36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhang S, Sun Y (2020b) Interactions of microplastics and cadmium on plant growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in an agricultural soil. Chemosphere 254:126791

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Huang M, Wang Q, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Huang Y (2020c) LDPE microplastics significantly alter the temporal turnover of soil microbial communities. Sci Total Environ 726:138682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Lin B, Wu L, Pan P, Liu B, Li R (2020) Antagonistic effect of polystyrene nanoplastics on cadmium toxicity to maize (Zea mays L.). Chemosphere 307:135714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Sedighi M, Lea-Langton A (2020e) Filtration of microplastic spheres by biochar: removal efficiency and immobilisation mechanisms. Water Res 184:116165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Sun C, Huang QX, Chi Y, Yan JH (2021) Adsorption and thermal degradation of microplastics from aqueous solutions by Mg/Zn modified magnetic biochars. J Hazard Mater 419:126486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts AJ, Lewis C, Goodhead RM, Beckett SJ, Moger J, Tyler CR, Galloway TS (2014) Uptake and retention of microplastics by the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Environ Sci Technol 48(15):8823–8830

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessel CC, Lockridge GR, Battiste D, Cebrian J (2016) Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in beach sediments: insights into microplastic accumulation in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Marine Pollut Bull 109(1):178–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White PJ (2012) Long-distance transport in the xylem and phloem. In Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press, pp 49–70

  • Woodall LC, Sanchez-Vidal A, Canals M, Paterson GL, Coppock R, Sleight V, Thompson RC (2014) The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris. R Soc Open Sci 1(4):140317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2020) World health statistics 2020: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. World Health Organization, Geneva. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/srhreports/health/health/28/. Accessed Dec 2020

  • Wu J, Liu W, Zeb A, Lian J, Sun Y, Sun H (2021) Polystyrene microplastic interaction with Oryza sativa: toxicity and metabolic mechanism. Environ Sci Nano 8(12):3699–3710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xinhuanet (2020) The number of food and beverage delivery in Wuhan reached 130,000 orders yesterday (in Chinese). In: www.Xinhuanet.com. http://www.xinhuanet.com/2020-02/26/c_1125629700.htm. Accessed 26 Feb 2020

  • Xu C, Zhang B, Gu C, Shen C, Yin S, Aamir M, Li F (2020) Are we underestimating the sources of microplastic pollution in terrestrial environment? J Hazard Mater 400:123228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu G, Liu Y, Yu Y (2021) Effects of polystyrene microplastics on uptake and toxicity of phenanthrene in soybean. Sci Total Environ 783:147016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan Y, Chen Z, Zhu F, Zhu C, Wang C, Gu C (2020) Effect of polyvinyl chloride microplastics on bacterial community and nutrient status in two agricultural soils. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1–8

  • Yang L, Li K, Cui S, Kang Y, An L, Lei K (2019) Removal of microplastics in municipal sewage from China’s largest water reclamation plant. Water Res 155:175–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang SS, Ding MQ, He L, Zhang CH, Li QX, Xing DF, Wu WM (2021) Biodegradation of polypropylene by yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and superworms (Zophobas atratus) via gut-microbe-dependent depolymerization. Sci Total Environ 756:144087

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yi M, Zhou S, Zhang L, Ding S (2021) The effects of three different microplastics on enzyme activities and microbial communities in soil. Water Environ Res 93(1):24–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • You C, Wu F, Yang W, Xu Z, Tan B, Zhang L, Fu C (2018) Does foliar nutrient resorption regulate the coupled relationship between nitrogen and phosphorus in plant leaves in response to nitrogen deposition? Sci. Total Environ 645:733–742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J, Ma J, Sun Y, Zhou T, Zhao Y, Yu F (2020) Microbial degradation and other environmental aspects of microplastics/plastics. Sci Total Environ 715:136968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang GS, Liu YF (2018) The distribution of microplastics in soil aggregate fractions in southwestern China. Sci Total Environ 642:12–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Xu EG, Li J, Chen Q, Ma L, Zeng EY, Shi H (2020) A review of microplastics in table salt, drinking water, and air: direct human exposure. Environ Sci Technol 54(7):3740–3751

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao T, Tan L, Huang W, Wang J (2019) The interactions between micro polyvinyl chloride (mPVC) and marine dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi: the inhibition of growth, chlorophyll and photosynthetic efficiency. Environ Pollut 247:883–889

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Q, Zhang H, Fu C, Zhou Y, Dai Z, Li Y, Luo Y (2018) The distribution and morphology of microplastics in coastal soils adjacent to the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Geoderma 322:201–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu D, Bi QF, Xiang Q, Chen QL, Christie P, Ke X, ... Zhu YG (2018) Trophic predator-prey relationships promote transport of microplastics compared with the single Hypoaspis aculeifer and Folsomia candida. Environ Pollut 235:150–154

  • Ziajahromi S, Neale PA, Rintoul L, Leusch FD (2017) Wastewater treatment plants as a pathway for microplastics: development of a new approach to sample wastewater-based microplastics. Water Res 112:93–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zubek S, Chmolowska D, Jamrozek D, Ciechanowska A, Nobis M, Błaszkowski J, Rutkowska J (2019) Monitoring of fungal root colonization, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity and soil microbial processes to assess the success of ecosystem translocation. J Environ Manag 246:538–546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zubris KA, Richards BK (2005) Synthetic fibers as an indicator of land application of sludge. Environ Pollut 138:201–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge the Punjab Agricultural Research Board funded project # 894 whom provided the opportunity to work on the theme of this review paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan

    Fiza Pir Dad & Waqas-ud-Din Khan

  2. Department of Agriculture, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan

    Waqas-ud-Din Khan

  3. Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA

    M. B. Kirkham

  4. School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia

    Nanthi Bolan

  5. The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia

    Nanthi Bolan

  6. Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia

    Mohsin Tanveer

Authors
  1. Fiza Pir Dad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Waqas-ud-Din Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. B. Kirkham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nanthi Bolan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mohsin Tanveer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

W.-u.-D. Khan and M. Tanveer conceived the idea of this review paper. F. Pir Dad, W.- u.-D. Khan, and M. Tanveer designed the contents of the review paper. F. Pir Dad wrote this review article with the help of W.-u.-D. Khan, M. Tanveer, M.B. Kirkham, and N. Bolan. W.-u.-D. Khan, M. Tanveer, M.B. Kirkham, and N. Bolan revised and critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors contributed to the subsequent development and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohsin Tanveer.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dad, F.P., Khan, WuD., Kirkham, M.B. et al. Microplastics: a review of their impacts on different life forms and their removal methods. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 86632–86655 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28513-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28513-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation