Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in leaves have attracted attention as nutritious phytochemicals and olfactory signals that influence the behavior and growth of herbivorous insects. In recognition of the negative effects of increasing tropospheric ozone (O3) levels on plants, LCFAs can be altered through peroxidation by O3. However, how elevated O3 changes the amount and composition of LCFAs in field-grown plants is still unknown. We investigated palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic LCFAs in the two leaf types (spring and summer) and two stages (early and late stage after expansion) of Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) after a multi-year O3 exposure on the field. Summer leaves exhibited a distinct composition of LCFAs under elevated O3 at the early stage, whereas both stages of spring leaves did not exhibit significant changes in LCFAs composition by elevated O3. In the spring leaves, the amounts of saturated LCFAs significantly increased at the early stage, however, the amount of total, palmitic, and linoleic acids at the late stage were significantly decreased by elevated O3. Summer leaves had a lower amount of all LCFAs at both leaf stages. Regarding the early stage of summer leaves, the lower amount of LCFAs under elevated O3 was possibly due to O3-suppressed photosynthesis in the current spring leaves. Furthermore, the decrease ratio of spring leaves over time was significantly increased by elevated O3 in all LCFAs, whereas summer leaves did not exhibit such an effect. These findings suggest that further studies should be conducted to reveal the biological functions of LCFAs under elevated O3, considering the leaf type- and stage-dependent changes of LCFAs.
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The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank late K. Ichikawa and Prof. F. Satoh for their support in managing the experimental nursery and appreciate Prof. A. Tani for his kind help in discussing the results. This research was funded by the Kuribayashi Educational Scholarship and Academic Foundation (Sapporo, Japan) to N.M., grant number PK341563, and by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) SICORP Grant Number JPMJSC18HB, to T.K. E.A. acknowledges support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 4210070867) and The Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST) (Grant Number 003080), Nanjing, China.
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This research was funded by the Kuribayashi Educational Scholarship and Academic Foundation (Sapporo, Japan) to N.M., grant number PK341563, and by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) SICORP Grant Number JPMJSC18HB, Japan to T.K. E.A. acknowledges support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 4210070867) and The Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST) (Grant Number 003080), Nanjing, China.
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Conceptualization: Noboru Masui; Methodology: Noboru Masui, Shiro Inoue, Hideyuki Matsuura; Formal analysis: Shiro Inoue, Hideyuki Matsuura; Investigation: Noboru Masui; Software: Evgenios Agathokleous; Resources: Evgenios Agathokleous, Takayoshi Koike; Funding acquisition: Noboru Masui, Evgenios Agathokleous, Takayoshi Koike; Writing—Original Draft: Noboru Masui; Writing—Review & Editing: Noboru Masui, Shiro Inoue, Evgenios Agathokleous, Hideyuki Matsuura, Takayoshi Koike.
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Masui, N., Inoue, S., Agathokleous, E. et al. Elevated ozone alters long-chain fatty acids in leaves of Japanese white birch saplings. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 79161–79170 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28056-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28056-0