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Green synthesis of Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite using Hyssopus officinalis extract and its sensing application for vortioxetine determination

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Abstract

Herein, we introduce a stable and green Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite as a selective electrochemical sensor for vortioxetine (VOR) determination. The electrochemical behavior of VOR on the developed electrode was investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometry. The Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite was thoroughly observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite had a higher conductivity and a narrower band gap than pure g-C3N4, causing higher electrochemical activity for VOR detection. Moreover, Au@g-C3N4 on the glassy carbon electrode (Au@g-C3N4/GCE) monitored a low level of VOR with high efficiency and low interference as an environmentally friendly processing approach. Interestingly, the as-fabricated sensor exhibited an ultrahigh selectivity for recognizing VOR with a detection limit (LOD) of 3.2 nM. Furthermore, the developed sensor was applied to determine VOR in pharmaceutical and biological samples, which indicated a high selectivity in the presence of interferences. This study suggests new insights into the phytosynthesis synthesis of nanomaterials with excellent biosensing applications.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Commission of Ankara University (Project Number: 21B0237005).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

    Yasamin Khoshnavaz, Mohammad Mehmandoust & Nevin Erk

  2. Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, 06230, Ankara, Turkey

    Erknaz Ecehan Erk

  3. Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China

    Guangli Li

Authors
  1. Yasamin Khoshnavaz
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  2. Erknaz Ecehan Erk
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  3. Guangli Li
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  4. Mohammad Mehmandoust
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  5. Nevin Erk
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Contributions

Yasamin Khoshnavaz: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, validation, data curation, writing—original draft preparation; Erknaz Ecehan Erk: conceptualization, methodology, investigation; Guangli Li: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, validation, data curation, writing—original draft preparation; Mohammad Mehmandoust: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, validation, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—reviewing and editing draft preparation; Nevin Erk: methodology, investigation, validation, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, supervision, resources.

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Correspondence to Nevin Erk.

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Khoshnavaz, Y., Erk, E.E., Li, G. et al. Green synthesis of Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite using Hyssopus officinalis extract and its sensing application for vortioxetine determination. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 80085–80093 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28040-8

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