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Environmental implication of energy policies and private and public subsidies on infant mortality rate: a sustainable development study of India

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Abstract

India has remarkably achieved some level of decline in infant mortality rate and increase in aged person through increase in life expectancy due to improvement on its health care sector but still remain amongst the countries with the highest rate of infant mortality within the Asian countries. Literature on environmental implication remains scarce, and for this we utilised India’s data from 1975 to 2020 to research on this topic. Relevant scientific methods (residual Augmented Least Squares — RALS, Engle and Granger — EG, and its newly augmented version — RALS-EG) are adopted in this study. Further, to estimate the long-run elasticities of the regressors, the symmetric analyses, i.e., dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and Engle and Granger causality test techniques, are employed. Findings according to DOLS revealed that renewable energy sources and social (GDP per capita) and public subsidies (general government final consumption expenditure) have lessening effect on infant mortality in India, whilst the private subsidies (gross capital formation), fossil fuels, and carbon dioxide cause an increase in infant mortality in India. This exposes renewable energy source as a mitigating factor in Indian environmental degradation which as well lessen the infant mortality level in India; hence, policy is suggested to be framed on improving renewable energy and health sectors.

Graphical abstract

The graphical presentation of the abstract is done with the diagram below. The graph shows the interactions amongst the selected variables in this study. The impacts of the explanatory variables on the dependent variable are shown with different colours showing positive (green) and negative (red) impacts.

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Data availability

Data sources are outlined in “Data and methodology” section and will be available on demand.

Abbreviations

RALS:

Residual Augmented Least Squares

EG:

Engle and Granger

RALS-EG:

Residual Augmented Least Squares Engle and Granger cointegration–augmented version

DOLS:

Dynamic ordinary least squares

GDP per capita:

Gross domestic product per capita

IMR:

Infant mortality rates

VAR:

Vector autoregressive model

ARDL:

Autoregressive distributed lag model

ASEAN:

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

OECD:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

USA:

United States of America

VECM:

Vector Error Correction model

CO:

Carbon dioxide

DPD:

Dynamic Panel Data

ADF:

Augmented Dickey–Fuller

RALS-ADF:

Augmented version of RALS and ADF tests

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Business School, Shanxi Technology and Business College, 99 Wucheng South Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030000, China

    Edmund Ntom Udemba

  2. Faculty of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Edmund Ntom Udemba

  3. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Final International University, Kyrenia, North Cyprus, Via Mersin 10, Turkey

    Firat Emir

  4. Cyprus West University, North Cyprus Via Mersin 10, Famagusta, Turkey

    Lucy Davou Philip

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  1. Edmund Ntom Udemba
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  2. Firat Emir
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Contributions

Authors collaborate for this paper in each section. Lucy Davou Philip worked for the introduction and literature review. Asst. Prof. Dr. Firat Emir developed the model, employed the methodology, discussed the results, and contribute each section. Asst. Prof. Dr. Edmund Ntom Udemba helped to develop the model, contribute each section, and conclude the study. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Firat Emir.

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Udemba, E.N., Emir, F. & Philip, L.D. Environmental implication of energy policies and private and public subsidies on infant mortality rate: a sustainable development study of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 78680–78691 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27981-4

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