Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases worldwide and requires treatment with antiepileptic drugs for many years or for life. This fact leads to the need for constant production and use of these compounds, placing them among the four pharmaceutical classes most found in wastewater. Even at low concentrations, antiepileptics pose risks to human and environmental health and are considered organic contaminants of emerging concern. Conventional treatments have shown low removal of these drugs, requiring advanced and innovative approaches. In this context, this review covers the results and perspectives on (1) consumption and occurrence of antiepileptics in water, (2) toxicological effects in aquatic ecosystems, (3) enzymatic and advanced oxidation processes for degrading antiepileptics drugs from a molecular point of view (biochemical and chemical phenomena), (4) improvements in treatment efficiency by hybridization, and (5) technical aspects of the enzymatic-AOP reactors.
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Data availability
The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.
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Funding
This work was funded by the following Brazilian agencies: São Paulo Research Foundation – FAPESP (grant #2021/08815–0), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul – FAPERGS (grant #22/2551–0000397-4), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES, Finance Code 001), and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development – CNPq (grants #311230/2020–2 and #302484/2022–1).
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N. Klanovicz: conceptualization, literature research, and writing — original draft. A. F. Camargo: conceptualization, literature research, and writing — original draft. B. Ramos: conceptualization and writing — review and editing. W. Michelon: conceptualization and writing — review and editing. H. Treichel: supervision, funding acquisition, and writing — review and editing. A. C. S. C. Teixeira: supervision, funding acquisition, and writing — review and editing.
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Klanovicz, N., Camargo, A.F., Ramos, B. et al. A review of hybrid enzymatic-chemical treatment for wastewater containing antiepileptic drugs. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 69857–69881 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27487-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27487-z