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Comparative ecotoxicity of graphene, functionalized multi-walled CNTs, and their mixture in freshwater microalgae, Scenedesmus obliquus: analyzing the role of oxidative stress

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Abstract

Due to their remarkable properties, the applications of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) such as graphene and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) are increasing. These CNMs can enter the freshwater environment via numerous routes, potentially exposing various organisms. The current study assesses the effects of graphene, f-MWCNTs, and their binary mixture on the freshwater algal species Scenedesmus obliquus. The concentration for the individual materials was kept at 1 mg L−1, while graphene and f-MWCNTs were taken at 0.5 mg L−1 each for the combination. Both the CNMs caused a decrease in cell viability, esterase activity, and photosynthetic efficiency in the cells. The cytotoxic effects were accompanied by increased hydroxyl and superoxide radical generation, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase and superoxide dismutase), and mitochondrial membrane potential. Graphene was more toxic compared to f-MWCNTs. The binary mixture of the pollutants demonstrated a synergistic enhancement of the toxic potential. Oxidative stress generation played a critical role in toxicity responses, as noted by a strong correlation between the physiological parameters and the biomarkers of oxidative stress. The outcomes from this study emphasize the significance of considering the combined effects of various CNMs as part of a thorough evaluation of ecotoxicity in freshwater organisms.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Centre for Fire, Explosives, and Environment Safety, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India, and the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) for providing the nanomaterials and SEM facilities used in this study.

Funding

The study was carried out using the funds provided by CFEES-DRDO (Sanction No. CFEES/TCP/EnSG/CARS(P)/DG(SAM)/FTS-ERAF/VIT-VELLORE). The authors would also like to thank Sh. Rajiv Narang (Outstanding Scientist and Director), Centre for Fire, Explosives, and Environment Safety-Defence Research and Development Organisation (CFEES-DRDO) for funding this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

    Soupam Das, Sayani Giri, Gaurav Wadhwa, Mrudula Pulimi, Natarajan Chandrasekaran & Amitava Mukherjee

  2. Centre for Fire, Explosives and Environment Safety, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India

    Shalini Anand & Pramod Kumar Rai

  3. Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

    Seyed Ali Johari

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  1. Soupam Das
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Contributions

Soupam Das: investigation, methodology, visualization, formal analysis, writing—review and editing. Sayani Giri: writing—original draft. Gaurav Wadhwa: investigation and methodology. Mrudula Pulimi: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, writing—review and editing. Shalini Anand: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, writing—review and editing. Natarajan Chandrasekaran: formal analysis, resources. Seyed Ali Johari: formal analysis, writing—review and editing. Pramod Kumar Rai: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, writing—review and editing. Amitava Mukherjee: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, project administration, writing—review and editing.

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Das, S., Giri, S., Wadhwa, G. et al. Comparative ecotoxicity of graphene, functionalized multi-walled CNTs, and their mixture in freshwater microalgae, Scenedesmus obliquus: analyzing the role of oxidative stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 70246–70259 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27367-6

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