Abstract
With the continued expansion of waste landfills, accidents may occur if the landfills are not properly stabilized. In this study, samples of municipal solid waste (MSW) from a waste landfill in Xi'an, China were collected through on-site drilling. Considering the effects of nine landfill ages (1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, and 23 y) and six moisture contents (natural, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), 324 groups of MSW were tested in the laboratory using a direct shear test apparatus. The results indicate the following: (1) with an increase in horizontal shear displacement, the shear stress of MSW gradually increases without a peak stress phenomenon, which is a displacement hardening curve; (2) with an increase in landfill age, the shear strength of MSW increases; (3) with an increase in moisture content, the shear strength of MSW increases; (4) with an increase in landfill age, the cohesion (c) decreases and the internal friction angle (φ) increases; and (5) with an increase in moisture content, the c and φ of MSW increases. The c range found in this study was 6.04–18.69 kPa, while the φ was 10.78–18.26°. The results of this study can provide a reference for stability calculations for MSW landfills.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used and analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abreu AES, Vilar OM (2017) Influence of composition and degradation on the shear strength of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 68:263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.038
Alidoust P, Kargar P, Goodarzi S, Keramati M, Moqaddam HM (2021) Laboratory-based assessment on similarities between dynamic behavior of MSW and clay. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 23(2):662–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01151-x
Blight GE, Ball JM, Blight JJ (1992) Moisture and suction in sanitary landfills in semiarid areas. J Environ Eng 118(6):865–877. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1992)118:6(865)
Bray JD, Zekkos D, Kavazanjian E, Athanasopoulos GA, Riemer MF (2009) Shear strength of municipal solid waste. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 135(6):709–722. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000063
Bareither CA, Benson CH, Edil TB (2012) Effects of waste composition and decomposition on the shear strength of municipal solid waste. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 138(10):1161–1174. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000702
Babu GLS, Lakshmikanthan P, Santhosh LG (2015) Shear strength characteristics of mechanically biologically treated municipal solid waste (MBT-MSW) from Bangalore. Waste Manag 39(5):63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.013
Caicedo B, Yamin L, Giraldo E, Coronado O (2002) Geomechanical properties of municipal solid waste in Dona Juana sanitary landfill. In: Proc 4th Int Congr Environ Geotech, Brazil, vol 1, pp 177–182
Chen YM, Lin WA, Zhan LT, Zhu SY, Sun YQ (2009) A study on the relationship between the shear strength of municipal solid waste and the landfilling age. China Civ Eng J 42(3):111–117 (in Chinese)
Eskandari M, Homaee M, Falamaki A (2016) Landfill site selection for municipal solid wastes in mountainous areas with landslide susceptibility. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(12):12423–12434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6459-x
Fucale SP (2005) Influence of reinforcement components on the resistance of urban solid waste. Dissertation, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil. (In Portuguese) http://livros01.livrosgratis.com.br/cp028574.pdf.
Feng SJ, Zhou ZF, Chen YM, Zhan LT (2005) Study on shear strength parameters of municipal solid waste. J Zhejiang Univ (eng Sci) 39(7):987–991 (in Chinese)
Feng SJ, Gao KW, Chen YX, L Y, Zhang LM, Chen HX (2017) Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at Laogang landfill, China. Waste Manag (63):354-365https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.016
Fei X, Zekkos D (2015) Large-size controlled degradation and simple shear testing of municipal solid waste from Michigan. In:XVI Eur Conf Soil Mech Geotech Eng pp:2753–2758. (In Chinese)
Fei XC, Zekkos D (2018) Comparison of direct shear and simple shear responses of municipal solid waste in USA. Environ Geotech 5(3):158–167. https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.16.00036
Falamaki A, Eskandari M, Homaee M, Gerashi M (2018) An improved multilayer compacted clay liner by adding bentonite and phosphate compound to sandy soil. KSCE J Civ Eng 22(10):3852–3859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-1554-9
Falamaki A, Ghareh S, Homaee M, Hamtaeipour Shirazifard A, Abedpour S, Kiani S, Mousavi N, Rezaei M, Motlagh MT, Nouri A (2019) Laboratory shear strength measurements of municipal solid waste at room and simulated in situ landfill temperature, Barmshoor Landfill Iran. Int J Environ Sci Technol 18(2B):185–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-019-00446-x
Gurijala KR, Sufllta JM (1993) Environmental factors influencing methanogenesis from refuse in landfill samples. Environ Sci Technol 27:1176–1181. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00043a018
Gao LY, Feng SJ, Chen YM, Kong XJ (2007) Large-scale triaxial compression test for municipal solid waste. J Tongji Univ (nat Sci) 35(12):1602–1606 (in Chinese)
Gabr MA, Hossain MS, Barlaz MA (2007) Shear strength parameters of municipal solid waste with leachate recirculation. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133(4):478–484. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:9(1181)
Guerrero LA, Mass G, Hogland W (2013) Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. Waste Manag 33(1):220–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008
Hossain MDS, Haque MA (2009) The effects of daily cover soils on shear strength of municipal solid waste in bioreactor landfills. Waste Manag 29(5):1568–1576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.12.017
He JQ, Hu W, Liao XH, Wang YH, Gao WH (2018) Experimental study on large scale horizontal push-shear test of municipal solid waste. J Railw Sci Eng 15(12):3113–3119 (in Chinese)
Karimpour-Fard M (2019) Rehabilitation of Saravan dumpsite in Rasht, Iran: geotechnical characterization of municipal solid waste. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16(8):4419–4436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1847-z
Karimpour-Fard M, Machado SL, Shariatmadari N, Noorzad A (2011) A laboratory study on the MSW mechanical behavior in triaxial apparatus. Waste Manag 31(8):1807–1819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.03.011
Karimpour-Fard M, Shariatmadari N, Keramati M, Jafari Kalarijani H (2013) An experimental investigation on the mechanical behavior of MSW. Int J Civ Eng 12(4):292–303. http://www.iust.ac.ir/ijce/article-1-918-en.pdf
Kumar G, Kopp K, Reddy KR, Hanson JL, Yesiller N (2019) Incorporating Thermal Effects in Modeling of MSW Landfills. In: Zhan L, Chen Y, Bouazza A (eds) Proc 8th Intl Congr Environ Geotech Vol 2. ICEG 2018. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2224-2_2
Ke H, Ma PC, Chen YM, Dong D, Zhao SY, Yang YQ, Nhema CC (2022) Instability of municipal solid waste along the constant deviatoric stress path and its engineering significance. Geotechnique 72(11):1025–1034. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.362
Landva AO, Clark JI (1990) Geotechnics of waste fill. In: Landva A, Knowles, D (eds) Geotechnics of Waste Fill: Theory and Practice. STP No. 1070. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, pp 86–103. https://doi.org/10.1520/STP1070-EB
Lan JW, Zhan LT, Li YC, Chen YM (2012) Impacts of initial moisture content of MSW waste on leachate generation and modified formula for predicting leachate generation. Environ Sci 33(04):1389–1396 (in Chinese)
Li XL, Li JF (2016) A study of deformation and strength properties and stress-strain model for municipal solid waste (MSW). Hydrogeol Eng Geol 43(5):70–75+86. (In Chinese)
Machado SL, Carvalho MF, Vilar OM (2002) Constitutive model for municipal solid waste. J Geo-Tech Geoenviron Eng 128(11):940–951. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:11(940)
Ma LS, Wang HL, Wang W, Zhang ZW (2010) Experimental study on shear behavior of short-fill-age MSW. Adv Mater Res 113–116:479–483. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.113-116.479
Madon I, Drev D, Likar J (2019) Long-term risk assessments comparing environmental performance of different types of sanitary landfills. Waste Manag 96:96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.001
Petrovic I, Hip I, Fredlund MD (2016) Application of continuous normal-lognormal bivariate density functions in a sensitivity analysis of municipal solid waste landfill. Waste Manag 55:141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.021
Reddy KR, Hettiarachchi H, Parakalla NS, Gangathulasi J, Bogner JE (2009) Geotechnical properties of fresh municipal solid waste at Orchard Hills Landfill, USA. Waste Manag 29(2):952–959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.05.011
Reddy KR, Hettiarachchi H, Gangathulasi J, Bogner JE (2011) Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at different phases of biodegradation. Waste Manag 31(11):2275–2286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.06.002
Ramaiah BJ, Ramana GV, Datta M (2017) Mechanical characterization of municipal solid waste from two waste dumps at Delhi, India. Waste Manag 68:275–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.055
Shariatmadari N, Machado SL, Noorzad A, Karimpour-Fard M (2009) Municipal solid waste effective stress analysis. Waste Manag 29(12):2918–2930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.07.009
Shariatmadari N, Karimpour-Fard M, Keramati M, Kolarijani HJ, Naebi A (2011) Fiber content impact on the shear strength of MSW materials in direct shear tests. Sardinia 2011, 13th Intl Waste Manag Landfill Symp.
Shariatmadari N, Asadi M, Karimpour-Fard M (2017) Investigation of fiber effect on the mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste by different shearing test apparatuses. Int J Environ Sci Technol. http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1297-z.pdf
Wang LQ, Li XM, Zhu FH (2015) Current situation of municipal solid wastes disposal and development proposals in China. Environ Pollut Control 37(2):106–109 (in Chinese)
Wang YX (2020) Study on the failure modes of municipal solid waste landfills. Dissertation. Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. (In Chinese)
Xu H, Zhu G, Zhang ZY, Zhan LT, Chen YM (2019) Experimental study on the primary compression behavior of municipal solid waste and a model of modified primary compression index. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 38(6):1270–1283 (in Chinese)
Yang R, Xu ZG, Chai JR (2018) A review of characteristics of landfilled municipal solid waste in several countries: physical composition, unit weight, and permeability coefficient. Pol J Environ Stud 27(6):2425–2435. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/81089
Zhang ZY, Wu SM, Chen YM (2000) Experimental research on the parameter of life rubbish in city. Chin J of Geotech Eng 22(1):35–39 (in Chinese)
Zhang JR, Chen CM (2003) Measurement and analysis on shear strength parameters of municipal solid waste. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 22(1):110–114 (in Chinese)
Zhan LT, Chen YM, Liang WA (2008) A shear strength characterization of municipal solid waste at the Suzhou landfill. China Eng Geol 97(3–4):97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.11.006
Zhu MH, Fan XM, Rovetta A, He QC, Vicentini F, Liu BK, Giusti A, Liu Y (2009) Municipal solid waste management in Pudong New Area. China Waste Manag 29(3):1227–1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.07.016
Zekkos D, Fei XC (2017) Constant load and constant volume response of municipal solid waste in simple shear. Waste Manag 63:380–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.029
Zekkos D, Athanasopoulos GA, Bray JD, Grizi A, Theodoratos A (2010) Large-scale direct shear testing of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 30(8–9):1544–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.024
Zhao YR, Xie Q, Wang GL, Zhang YJ, Zhang YX, Su WJ (2014) A study of shear strength properties of municipal solid waste in Chongqing landfill. China Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(22):12605–12615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3183-2
Zhan XD, Yan LJ, Wu DZ, Zhang ZY (2015) Ultra-large direct shear test for shear strength properties of artificial municipal solid waste. J Eng Geol 23(5):930–936 (in Chinese)
Zhang ZY, Yan LJ, Wu DZ (2014) Experimental study of compression and direct shear combined test. Rock Soil Mech 35(11):3049–3055 (in Chinese)
Zhang ZY, Yan LJ, Wu DZ (2015) Shear strength parameters of fresh municipal solid waste. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 34(9):1938–1944 (in Chinese)
Acknowledgements
We thank the employees of Xian Jiangcungou Landfill for their assistance.
Funding
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Contract Nos. 51978625 and 51678532), supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. LZ21E080003, and key research and development plan of Zhejiang Province under Grant No. 2021C02039.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Menghe Huang conducted the direct shear test on municipal solid waste in the Xi'an landfill, and analyzed the relationship between the shear strength of MSW and moisture content and landfill age. Bin Zhu, Jiahe Zhang and Hui Xu conducted the direct shear test on municipal solid waste in the Xi'an landfill; Zhenying Zhang analyzed the test data and reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ta Yeong Wu
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, M., Zhang, Z., Zhu, B. et al. Effects of moisture content and landfill age on the shear strength properties of municipal solid waste in Xi'an, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 65011–65025 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26905-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26905-6