Abstract
Accepting and landfilling municipal solid waste, MSW, in non-engineered conditions since 1984, has made the Saravan dumpsite as one of the biggest environmental concerns in northern Iran. Due to a lack of any type of coverage, precipitation is infiltrated into the waste piles, increasing the amount of leachate production. The average annual discharge rate of leachate is estimated to be 7 L per second, which all are discharged to the downstream rivers and creeks. To reduce the produced leachate, the construction of soil cover, leachate drainage system, gas collection systems and other requirements were planned. To construct the soil cover, stability analyses to reach a safe side slope were necessary; therefore, geotechnical evaluation of MSW was vital. MSW samples with different age and conditions were collected, and geotechnical tests such as moisture and organic content, composition, grain size distribution and direct shear tests were performed. Back-calculation analyses performed on unstable slopes at the site resulted in situ shear strength of MSW, comparable with those achieved in laboratory tests. Results showed that the soil-like fraction, moisture and organic content decrease with depth and age, leading to an increase in foil-like contents and reduction in shear strength of MSW. Direct shear tests with different shearing rates showed that the MSW in Saravan dumpsite exhibits higher strength at higher rates of shearing which means a higher safety factor for slopes during seismic condition could be expected.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abreu AES, Vilar OM (2017) Influence of composition and degradation on the shear strength of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.038
Asadi M, Shariatmadari N, Karimpour-Fard M, Noorzad A (2017) Validation of hyperbolic model by the results of triaxial and direct shear tests of municipal solid waste. Geotech Geol Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0223-y
Augello AJ, Matasovic N, Bray LD, Kavazanjian E, Seed RB (1995) Evaluation of solid waste landfill performance during the Northridge earthquake. Earthquake design and performance of solid waste landfills. Geotech Spec Publ 54:17–50
Bareither CA, Benson CH, Edil TB (2012) Effects of waste composition and decomposition on the shear strength of municipal solid waste. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 138:1161–1174. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000702
Bray JD, Zekkos DP, Kavazanjian E, Athanasopoulos G, Riemer MF (2009) Shear strength of municipal solid waste. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 135:709–722. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000063
Caicedo B, Giraldo E, Yamin L, Soler N (2002a) The landslide of Dona Juana landfill in Bogota: a case study. In: Proceeding of the 4th international congress on environmental geotechnics, Brazil, vol 1, pp 171–175
Caicedo B, Yamin L, Giraldo E, Coronado O (2002b) Geomechanical properties of municipal solid waste in Dona Juana sanitary landfill. In: Proceeding of the 4th international congress on environmental geotechnics, Brazil, vol 1, pp 177–182
Eid H, Stark T, Evans W, Sherry P (2000) Municipal solid waste slope failure. I: Waste and foundation soil properties. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126:397–407. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:5(397)
Feng SJ, Gao KW, Chen YX, Li Y, Zhang LM, Chen XY (2016) Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at Laogang Landfill, China. Waste Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.016
Gabr MA, Valero SN (1995) Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste. Geotech Test J 18:241–254. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10324J
Gabr MA, Hossain MS, Barlaz MA (2007) Shear strength parameters of municipal solid waste with leachate recirculation. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133:478–484. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:4(478)
Harris JM, Shafer AL, DeGroff W, Hater GR, Gabr M, Barlaz MA (2006) Shear strength of degraded reconstituted municipal solid waste. Geotech Test J 29:1–8
Hossain MS, Haque MA (2009) Stability analyses of municipal solid waste landfills with decomposition. Geotech Geol Eng 27:659–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-009-9265-0
Iranian engineering standards for water pollution control (2005) Iranian ministry of petroleum publications, 1st edn. http://igs.nigc.ir/STANDS/IPS/e-sf-880.PDF
Jessberger HL (1994) Geotechnical aspects of landfill design and construction, part 2: material parameters and test methods. In: Proceedings of the ICE—geotechnical engineering, vol 107, pp 105–113
Jones R, Taylor D, Dixon N (1997) Shear strength of waste and its use in landfill stability analysis. In: Yong RN, Thomas HR (eds) Geoenvironmental engineering. Contaminated ground: fate of pollutants and remediation. Thomas Telford Press, London, pp 343–350
Karimpour-Fard M (2009) Mechanical behavior of MSW materials with different initial state under static loading. Dissertation, Iran University of Science and Technology (In Persian)
Karimpour-Fard M, Shariatmadari N, Keramati M, Jafari H (2011) A laboratory study on the MSW mechanical behavior in direct shear test apparatus. Waste Manag 31:1807–1819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.03.011
Karimpour-Fard M, Shariatmadari N, Keramati M, Jafari H (2014) An experimental investigation on the mechanical behavior of MSW. Int J Civ Eng 12:292–303
Kavazanjian E (1999) Seismic design of solid waste containment facilities. In: Proceedings of the 8th Canadian conference on earthquake engineering, Vancouver, BC, pp 51–89
Kavazanjian E, Matasovic N (1995) Seismic analysis of solid waste landfills. In: Proceedings of geoenvironment 2000, ASCE geotechnical special publication, New York, NY, pp 1066–1080
Kavazanjian E, Matasovic N, Bonaparte R, Schmertmann GR (1995) Evaluation of MSW properties for seismic analysis. In: Geoenvironment 2000, geotechnical special publication, ASCE, vol 46, pp 1126–1141
Landva AO, Clark JI (1986) Geotechnical testing of waste fill. In: Proceedings of the 39th Canadian geotechnical conference, Ottawa, ON, pp 371–385
Machado SL, Karimpour-Fard M, Shariatmadari N, Carvalho FM, Nascimento JCF (2010) Evaluation of the geotechnical properties of MSW in two Brazilian landfills. Waste Manag 30:2579–2591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.07.019
Manassero M, Van Impe WF, Bouazza A (1996) Waste disposal and containment. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international congress on environmental geotechnics, Osaka, Japan, vol 2, pp 1425–1474
Matasovic N, Kavazanjian E (1998) Cyclic characterization of OII landfill solid waste. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124:197–210. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:3(197)
Ramaiah J, Gunturi R (2017) Study of stress–strain and volume change behavior of emplaced municipal solid waste using large-scale triaxial testing. Waste Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.027
Ramaiah J, Gunturi R, Datta M (2017) Mechanical characterization of municipal solid waste from two waste dumps at Delhi. Waste Manag, India. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.055
São Mateus MDSC, Machado SL, Barbosa MC (2012) An attempt to perform water balance in a Brazilian municipal solid waste landfill. Waste Manag 32(3):471–481
Schroeder PR, Dozier TS, Zappi PA, McEnroe BM, Sjostrom JW, Peyton RL (1994) The hydrologic evaluation of landfill performance (HELP) model: engineering documentation for version 3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati
Shariatmadari N, Sadeghpour AH, Mokhtari M (2015) Aging effect on physical properties of municipal solid waste at the Kahrizak Landfill, Iran. Int J Civ Eng 13:126–136
Shariatmadari N, Asadi M, Karimpour-Fard M (2017) Investigation of fiber effect on the mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste by different shearing test apparatuses. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1297-z
Stark TD, Huvaj-Sarihan N, Li G (2009) Shear strength of municipal solid waste for stability analyses. Environ Geol 57:1911–1923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1480-0
Tatsuoka F (2004) Effects of viscous properties and ageing on the stress-strain behaviour of geomaterials. In: Geomechanics-Testing, Modeling and Simulation, Proceedings of the GI-JGS workshop, Boston, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication GSP No. 143 (Yamamuro & Koseki eds.), pp 1–60
Tchobanoglous G, Theisen H, Vigil S (1993) Integrated solid waste management engineering principles and management issues. McGraw-Hill, Social Science, Singapore
Van Impe WF (1998) Environmental geotechnics: ITC 5 activities, state of art. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international congress on environmental geotechnics, Lisbon, Portugal, vol 4, pp 1163–1187
Vucetic M, Dobry R (1991) The effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response. J Geotech Eng ASCE 117:89–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:1(89)
Zekkos DP (2005) Evaluation of static and dynamic properties of municipal solid waste. Dissertation, University of California
Zekkos DP, Bray JD, Kavazanjian E, Matasovic N, Rathje E, Riemer MF, Stokoe KH (2005) Framework for the estimation of MSW unit weight profile. In: Proceedings of Sardinia 2005, 10th international waste management and landfill symposium. S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy, pp 3–7
Zekkos DP, Athanasopoulos GA, Bray JD, Grizi A, Theodoratos A (2010) Large-scale direct shear testing of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 30:1544–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.024
Zekkos DP, Bray JD, Riemer MF (2012) Drained response of municipal solid waste in large-scale triaxial shear testing. Waste Manag 32:1873–1885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.05.004
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank all who assisted in conducting this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Binbin Huang.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karimpour-Fard, M. Rehabilitation of Saravan dumpsite in Rasht, Iran: geotechnical characterization of municipal solid waste. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 4419–4436 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1847-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1847-z