Abstract
Natural ceramide, a biologically active compound present in plants, has been used widely in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Abundant ceramide has been detected in sewage sludge, which has inspired the idea to recycle ceramide from it. Therefore, the methods of extracting, purifying, and detecting ceramides from plants were reviewed, with the aim to establish methods to get condensed ceramide from sludge. Ceramide extraction methods include traditional methods (maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet extraction) and green technologies (ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, and supercritical fluid extraction). In the past two decades, more than 70% of the articles have used traditional methods. However, green extraction methods are gradually improved and showed high extraction efficiency with lower solvent consumed. The preferred technique for ceramide purification is chromatography. Common solvent systems include chloroform–methanol, n-hexane–ethyl acetate, petroleum ether-ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether-acetone. For structural determination of ceramide, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry are used in combination. Among quantitative analysis methods for ceramide, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was the most accurate. This review concludes that with our prilemenary experiment results it is feasible to apply the plant “extraction + purification” process of ceramide to sludge, but more optimization need to be performed to get better results.
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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 52270146] and the National Key Research and Development Program of China [grant number 2019YFC1906501].
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Fenfen Zhu: conceptualization, methodology, writing—(original draft, review and editing). Bing Zhao: validation, investigation, writing—(original draft, review and editing). Bo Hu: methodology, data analysis, writing—original draft. Yuhui Zhang: Investigation, writing—review and editing. Boyuan Xue: conceptualization, methodology. Huan Wang: conceptualization, validation. Qian Chen: validation, methodology.
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Zhu, F., Zhao, B., Hu, B. et al. Review of available “extraction + purification” methods of natural ceramides and their feasibility for sewage sludge analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 68022–68053 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26900-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26900-x