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Humic substances derived from unconventional resources: extraction, properties, environmental impacts, and prospects

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Abstract

Humic substances comprise up to 70% of the total organic matter in soils, between 50 and 80% of the dissolved organic matter in water, and about 25% of dissolved organic matter in groundwater. Elucidation of the complex structure and properties of humic substances requires advanced analytical tools; however, they are of fundamental importance in medicine, agriculture, technology, and the environment, at large. Although they are naturally occurring, significant efforts are now being directed into their extraction owing to their relevance in improving soil properties and other environmental applications. In the present review, the different fractions of humic substances were elucidated, underlying the mechanisms by which they function in soils. Furthermore, the extraction processes of humic substances from various feedstock were illustrated, with the alkali extraction technique being the most widely used. In addition, the functional group and elemental composition of humic substances were discussed. The similarities and/or variations in the properties of humic substances as influenced by the source and origin of feedstock were highlighted. Finally, the environmental impacts of humic substances were discussed while highlighting prospects of humic acid production. This review offers enormous potential in identifying these knowledge gaps while recommending the need for inter- and multidisciplinary studies in making extensive efforts toward the sustainable production of humic substances.

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The data analyzed and/or generated in this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, 220005, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

    Odunayo T. Ore & Festus M. Adebiyi

  2. Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, 001, Ondo State, Nigeria

    Adedapo O. Adeola

  3. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    Oluwaseun Fapohunda

  4. State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Demilade T. Adedipe

  5. Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, PMB 230, Osun State, Nigeria

    Ajibola A. Bayode

  6. Management and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, 002, Nigeria

    Festus M. Adebiyi

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Odunayo T. Ore: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, software, and writing (original draft and review and editing); Adedapo O. Adeola: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, and writing (original draft and review and editing); Oluwaseun Fapohunda: investigation, formal analysis, and writing (original draft); Demilade T. Adedipe: investigation, formal analysis, and writing (original draft); Ajibola A. Bayode: investigation, formal analysis, and writing (original draft); Festus M. Adebiyi: writing (review and editing), and supervision.

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Ore, O.T., Adeola, A.O., Fapohunda, O. et al. Humic substances derived from unconventional resources: extraction, properties, environmental impacts, and prospects. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 59106–59127 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26809-5

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