Abstract
Methylparaben, chloro-methylparaben, and dichloro-methylparaben were evaluated in Allium cepa at 5, 10, 50, and 100 μg/L and in Eisenia fetida at 10 and 100 μg/L. In A. cepa roots, 100 μg/L methylparaben and 50 and 100 μg/L chlorinated methylparabens reduced cell proliferation, caused cellular changes, and reduced cell viability in meristems, which caused a reduction in root growth. Furthermore, they caused drastic inhibition of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase; activated guaiacol peroxidase and promoted lipid peroxidation in meristematic root cells. In earthworms, after 14 days exposure to the three compounds, there were no deaths, and catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were not inhibited. However, guaiacol peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation were observed in animals exposed to dichloro-methylparaben. Soils with dichloro-methylparaben also caused the escape of earthworms. It is inferred that the recurrent contamination of soils with these methylparabens, with emphasis on chlorinated derivatives, can negatively impact different species that depend directly or indirectly on soil to survive.
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Abbreviations
- MPB :
-
Methylparaben
- ClMPB :
-
Chloro-methylparaben
- DiClMPB :
-
Dichloro-methylparaben
- PBS :
-
Phosphate buffer saline
- PEG :
-
Poly ethylene glycol
- PF :
-
Point fusion
- RL :
-
Root length
- MI :
-
Mitotic index
- CAI :
-
Cell alteration index
- nC :
-
Number of earthworms found in section B (control soil)
- nT :
-
Number of earthworms found in section A (test soil)
- nM :
-
Number of dead earthworms
- N :
-
Total number of earthworms
- SOD :
-
Superoxide dismutase
- CAT :
-
Catalase
- APX :
-
Ascorbate peroxidase
- GPOX :
-
Guaiacol peroxidase
- BOD :
-
Biochemical oxigen demand
- TBA :
-
Thiobarbituric acid
- TBARS :
-
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- DTPA :
-
Diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid
- LBSS :
-
Balanced salt solution
- EDTA :
-
Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- NTB :
-
Blue nitrotetrazolium chloride
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Gabrielle Cristina dos Santos Gonçalves do Nascimento, Elisângela Dusman, Regiane da Silva Gonzalez, João Victor Nicola, Matheus Augusto de Souza Moura, Karine Mares de Oliveira, Anna Karolina Gomes Oliveira, Patricia Aline Bressani, Diego Espírito Santo, Ádila Cristina Krukoski Filipi, Eduardo Michel dos Santos Vieira, Juan Carlos Pokrywiecki, and Débora Cristina de Souza. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ana Paula Peron, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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dos Santos Gonçalves Nascimento, G.C., Dusman, E., da Silva Gonzalez, R. et al. Toxicity of methylparaben and its chlorinated derivatives to Allium cepa L. and Eisenia fetida Sav.. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 57850–57861 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26539-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26539-8