Abstract
With increasing demand for agricultural production, chemical fertilizers are now being intensively manufactured and used to provide readily available nutrients in larger quantities, which often leach out and contaminate the groundwater source. At the same time, effluents from fertilizer plants also pollute water bodies, when disposed of without proper treatment. The present study evaluates nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies in a single-stage aerobic moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) from diammonium phosphate (DAP)–spiked wastewater containing no organic carbon. To date, no similar study has been undertaken that treats fertilizer plant effluent or agricultural runoff without the aid of external carbon, where organic carbon is hypothesized to be supplied from endogenous degradation of biomass. Both denitrification and phosphorus removal occurs in the anoxic zones of deeper layers of the biofilm. The present investigation demonstrates the feasibility of the processes with the requirement of a two-stage MBBR for effective simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal (SNDPr) together with a polishing technology to bring down the phosphorus concentration within limits. A novel bio-carrier designed for efficient SND was used in the study, with a carrier filling ratio of 35% that supported the formation of deep biofilms creating anoxic zones in the inner surface. Identification of the bacterial species reflects the occurrence of simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorous removal (SNDPr) in the reactor. A maximum ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency of 98% was recorded with 95% total nitrogen removal, 69% phosphorus removal, and 85% SND efficiency, indicating the applicability of the process with a tertiary phosphorus removal unit to lower the nutrient concentration of effluents prior to disposal.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Antoniou P, Hamilton J, Koopman B, Jain R, Holloway B, Lyberatos G, Svoronos SA (1990) Effect of temperature and pH on the effective maximum specific growth rate of nitrifying bacteria. Water Res 24:97–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(90)90070-M
Arp DJ, Chain PS, Klotz MG (2007) The impact of genome analyses on our understanding of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 61:503–528. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093449
Azeem B, KuShaari K, Man ZB, Basit A, Thanh TH (2014) Review on materials & methods to produce controlled release coated urea fertilizer. J Control Release 181:11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.020
Barak Y, Van Rijn J (2000) A typical polyphosphate accumulation by the denitrifying bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:1209–1212. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.3.1209-1212.2000
Barker PS, Dold PL (1997) General model for biological nutrient removal activated-sludge systems: model presentation. Water Environ Res 69:969–984. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143097X125669
Bhattacharya R, Mazumder D (2019) Determination of rate and order of denitrification of nitrified effluent using activated sludge. J Indian Chem Soc 96:487–492
Bhattacharya R, Mazumder D (2021) Evaluation of nitrification kinetics for treating ammonium nitrogen enriched wastewater in moving bed hybrid bioreactor. J Environ Chem Eng 9:104589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104589
Bueno RF, Piveli RP, Campos F, Sobrinho PA (2018) Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the activated sludge systems of continuous flow. Environ Technol 39:2641–2652. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1363820
Campo R, Sguanci S, Caffaz S, Mazzoli L, Ramazzotti M, Lubello C, Lotti T (2020) Efficient carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal from low C/N real domestic wastewater with aerobic granular sludge. Bioresour Technol 305:122961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122961
Çeçen F (1996) Investigation of partial and full nitrification characteristics of fertilizer wastewaters in a submerged biofilm reactor. Water Sci Technol 34:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(96)00823-2
Chen S, Ling J, Blancheton JP (2006) Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors. Aquacult Eng 34:179–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.09.004
Chen W, Lu Y, Jin Q, Zhang M, Wu J (2020) A novel feedforward control strategy for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in aerobic granular sludge sequential batch reactor (AGS-SBR). J Environ Manage 260:110103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110103
Chu L, Wang J (2011) Nitrogen removal using biodegradable polymers as carbon source and biofilm carriers in a moving bed biofilm reactor. Chem Eng J 170:220–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.058
Cramer M, Schelhorn P, Kotzbauer U, Tränckner J (2021) Degradation kinetics and COD fractioning of agricultural wastewaters from biogas plants applying biofilm respirometry. Environ Technol 42:2391–2401. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2019.1701570
Crocetti GR, Hugenholtz P, Bond PL, Schuler A, Keller J, Jenkins D, Blackall LL (2000) Identification of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms and design of 16S rRNA-directed probes for their detection and quantitation. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:1175–1182. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.3.1175-1182.2000
Cui R, Jahng D (2004) Nitrogen control in AO process with recirculation of solubilized excess sludge. Water Res 38:1159–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.11.013
Cui N, Cai M, Zhang X, Abdelhafez AA, Zhou L, Sun H, Chen G, Zou G, Zhou S (2002) Runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from a rice paddy field in the east of China: effects of long-term chemical N fertilizer and organic manure applications. Glob Ecol Conserv 22:01011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01011
Dandie CE, Burton DL, Zebarth BJ, Trevors JT, Goyer C (2007) Analysis of denitrification genes and comparison of nosZ, cnorB and 16S rDNA from culturable denitrifying bacteria in potato cropping systems. Syst Appl Microbiol 30:128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2006.05.002
De-Bashan LE, Bashan Y (2004) Recent advances in removing phosphorus from wastewater and its future use as fertilizer (1997–2003). Water Res 38:4222–4246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.07.014
Divya J, Belagali SL (2012) Impact of chemical fertilizers on water quality in selected agricultural areas of Mysore district, Karnataka, India. Int J Environ Sci 2:1449–1458. https://doi.org/10.6088/ijes.00202030030
Dobbeleers T, D’aes J, Miele S, Caluwé M, Akkermans V, Daens D, Geuens L, Dries J (2017) Aeration control strategies to stimulate simultaneous nitrification-denitrification via nitrite during the formation of aerobic granular sludge. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101:6829–6839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8415-1
Eaton AD, Clesceri LS, Rice EW (2005) Greenberg AE (2005) American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Water Works Association; Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington
Eckenfelder WW, O'Connor DJ (2013) Biological waste treatment. Elsevier. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3fUbBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Eckenfelder+WW,+O%27Connor+DJ+(2013)+Biological+waste+treatment.+&ots=HK8gkqCbFf&sig=Z2FO0ftXTXnvsKJAPn-6t69klCM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Eckenfelder%20WW%2C%20O'Connor%20DJ%20(2013)%20Biological%20waste%20treatment.&f=false
FAO (2019) World fertilizer trends and outlook to 2022. Rome, Italy. http://faostat3.fao.org
Feng LJ, Jia R, Zeng Z, Yang GF, Xu XY (2018) Simultaneous nitrification denitrification and microbial community profile in an oxygen-limiting intermittent aeration SBBR with biodegradable carriers. Biodegradation 29:473–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-018-9845-x
Green SJ, Prakash O, Gihring TM, Akob DM, Jasrotia P, Jardine PM, Watson DB, Brown SD, Palumbo AV, Kostka JE (2010) Denitrifying bacteria isolated from terrestrial subsurface sediments exposed to mixed-waste contamination. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:3244–3254. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03069-09
Han C, Wright GS, Fisher K, Rigby SE, Eady RR, Hasnain SS (2012) Characterization of a novel copper-haem c dissimilatory nitrite reductase from Ralstonia pickettii. Biochem J 444:219–226. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20111623
Herbert D, Phipps PJ, Strange RE (1971) Chapter III chemical analysis of microbial cells. Methods Microbiol 5:209–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0580-9517(08)70641-X
Iannacone F, Di Capua F, Granata F, Gargano R, Pirozzi F, Esposito G (2019) Effect of carbon-to-nitrogen ratio on simultaneous nitrification denitrification and phosphorus removal in a microaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor. J Environ Manag 250:109518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109518
Iannacone F, Di Capua F, Granata F, Gargano R, Esposito G (2020) Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal in a continuous-flow moving bed biofilm reactor alternating microaerobic and aerobic conditions. Bioresour Technol 310:123453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123453
Jena J, Kumar R, Saifuddin M, Dixit A, Das T (2016) Anoxic–aerobic SBR system for nitrate, phosphate and COD removal from high-strength wastewater and diversity study of microbial communities. Biochem Eng J 105:80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2015.09.007
Jenkins D, Wanner J (2014) Activated sludge-100 years and counting. IWA publishing. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=J7cDBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Jenkins+D,+Wanner+J+(2014)+Activated+sludge-100+years+and+counting.+&ots=fqGBSD__CX&sig=Ol_nzGY4ZOQuqJZtHCyoKa8lCL4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jenkins%20D%2C%20Wanner%20J%20(2014)%20Activated%20sludge-100%20years%20and%20counting.&f=false
Kermani M, Bina B, Movahedian H, Amin MM, Nikaein M (2009) Biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal from wastewater using moving bed biofilm process. Iran J Biotechnol 7:19–27
Krishnaswamy U, Muthuchamy M, Perumalsamy L (2011) Biological removal of phosphate from synthetic wastewater using bacterial consortium. Iran J Biotechnol 9:37–49
Kuba TMCM, Van Loosdrecht MCM, Heijnen JJ (1996) Phosphorus and nitrogen removal with minimal COD requirement by integration of denitrifying dephosphatation and nitrification in a two-sludge system. Water Res 30:1702–1710. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(96)00050-4
Kumwimba MN, Meng F, Iseyemi O, Moore MT, Zhu B, Tao W, Liang TJ, Ilunga L (2018) Removal of non-point source pollutants from domestic sewage and agricultural runoff by vegetated drainage ditches (VDDs): design, mechanism, management strategies, and future directions. Sci Total Environ 639:742–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.184
Leong SK, Chang SH, Kassim NA, Nasuha N (2011) Determination of treatability constant and reaction-rate constant for an attached-growth upflow fixed-film reactor on pulp and paper wastewater treatment. Int J Chem Eng Appl 2:14–19
Leyva-Díaz JC, Monteoliva-García A, Martín-Pascual J, Munio MM, García-Mesa JJ, Poyatos JM (2020) Moving bed biofilm reactor as an alternative wastewater treatment process for nutrient removal and recovery in the circular economy model. Bioresour Technol 299:122631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122631
Liu W, Chen W, Yang D, Shen Y (2019) Functional and compositional characteristics of nitrifiers reveal the failure of achieving mainstream nitritation under limited oxygen or ammonia conditions. Biores Technol 275:272–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.065
Liu T, He X, Jia G, Xu J, Quan X, You S (2020) Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process using novel surface-modified suspended carriers for the treatment of real domestic wastewater. Chemosphere 247:125831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125831
Lu DQ, Chien SH, Henao J, Sompongse D (1987) Evaluation of short-term efficiency of diammonium phosphate versus urea plus single superphosphate on a calcareous soil. Agron J 79:896–900. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900050028x
Ma B, Wang S, Zhu G, Ge S, Wang J, Ren N, Peng Y (2013) Denitrification and phosphorus uptake by DPAOs using nitrite as an electron acceptor by step-feed strategies. Front Environ Sci Eng 7:267–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-012-0439-2
Maqsood MA, Ashraf I, Rasheed N (2022) Sources of nitrogen for crop growth: Pakistan’s case. In Nitrogen assessment 13–28, Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824417-3.00005-8
Mun HS, Park JH, Kim H, Yu HK, Park YG, Cha CY, Kook YH, Kim BJ (2008) Mycobacterium senuense sp. nov., a slowly growing, non-chromogenic species closely related to the Mycobacterium terrae complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:641–646. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65374-0
Nancharaiah YV, Mohan SV, Lens PNL (2019) Removal and recovery of metals and nutrients from wastewater using bioelectrochemical systems. In Microbial Electrochemical Technology 693–720, Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64052-9.00028-5
Nguyen HTT, Le VQ, Hansen AA, Nielsen JL, Nielsen PH (2011) High diversity and abundance of putative polyphosphate-accumulating Tetrasphaera-related bacteria in activated sludge systems. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 76:256–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01049.x
Nhut HT, Hung NTQ, Sac TC, Bang NHK, Tri TQ, Hiep NT, Ky NM (2020) Removal of nutrients and organic pollutants from domestic wastewater treatment by sponge-based moving bed biofilm reactor. Environ Eng Res 25:652–658. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.285
Nielsen PH, McIlroy SJ, Albertsen M, Nierychlo M (2019) Re-evaluating the microbiology of the enhanced biological phosphorus removal process. Curr Opin Biotechnol 57:111–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2019.03.008
Orhon D, Artan N (1994) Modeling of activated sludge systems. Technomic Publ. Co., Lancaster
Palma TL, Donaldben MN, Costa MC, Carlier JD (2018) Putative role of Flavobacterium, Dokdonella and Methylophilus strains in paracetamol biodegradation. Water Air Soil Pollut 229:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3858-2
Piculell M, Welander P, Jönsson K, Welander T (2016) Evaluating the effect of biofilm thickness on nitrification in moving bed biofilm reactors. Environ Technol 37:732–743. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1080308
Poduska RA, Andrews JF (1975) Dynamics of nitrification in the activated sludge process. J (Water Pollution Control Federation) 47:2599–2619
Prasedya ES, Kurniawan NSH, Kirana IAP, Ardiana N, Abidin AS, Ilhami BTK, Jupri A, Widyastuti S, Sunarpi H, Nikmatullah A (2022) Seaweed fertilizer prepared by EM-fermentation increases abundance of beneficial soil microbiome in paddy (Oryzasativa L.) during vegetative stage. Fermentation 8:46. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8020046
Qiao Z, Sun R, Wu Y, Hu S, Liu X, Chan J, Mi X (2020) Characteristics and metabolic pathway of the bacteria for heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification in aquatic ecosystems. Environ Res 191:110069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110069
Rittmann BE, McCarty PL (2001) Environmental biotechnology: principles and applications. McGraw-Hill Education. https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9781260440591
Rittstieg K, Robra KH, Somitsch W (2001) Aerobic treatment of a concentrated urea wastewater with simultaneous stripping of ammonia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:820–825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530100696
Rodriguez-Sanchez A, Muñoz-Palazon B, Hurtado-Martinez M, Rivadeneyra MA, Poyatos JM, Gonzalez-Lopez J (2018) Maximum influent salinity affects the diversity of mineral-precipitation-mediating bacterial communities in membrane biofilm of hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-membrane bioreactor. Water Air Soil Pollut 229:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-4020-x
Saidulu D, Majumder A, Gupta AK (2021) A systematic review of moving bed biofilm reactor, membrane bioreactor, and moving bed membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment: comparison of research trends, removal mechanisms, and performance. J Enviro Chem Eng 9:106112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106112
Salehi S, Cheng KY, Heitz A, Ginige MP (2019) Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus recovery (SNDPr) - an opportunity to facilitate full-scale recovery of phosphorus from municipal wastewater. J Environ Manage 238:41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.063
Shi HP, Lee CM (2006) Combining anoxic denitrifying ability with aerobic–anoxic phosphorus-removal examinations to screen denitrifying phosphorus-removing bacteria. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 57:121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.01.001
Shivaraman N, Vaidya AN, Waghmare SV, Paunikar WN, Tankhiwale A, Padoley K (2001) A two-stage biological treatment system for ammonium-nitrate-laden wastewater. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 17:447–453. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011996323850
Singh PP, Mall M, Singh J (2006) Impact of fertilizer factory effluent on seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content of gram (Cicer aeritenum). J Environ Biol 27:153–156
Spangler JT, Sample DJ, Fox LJ, Owen JS Jr, White SA (2019) Floating treatment wetland aided nutrient removal from agricultural runoff using two wetland species. Ecol Eng 127:468–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.12.017
Subhashini DV (2015) Growth promotion and increased potassium uptake of tobacco by potassium-mobilizing bacterium Frateuriaaurantia grown at different potassium levels in vertisols. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 46:210–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2014.967860
Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD (2003) Wastewater engineering treatment and reuse (No. 628.3 T252s). McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Boston, US
Tsuneda S, Park S, Hayashi H, Jung J, Hirata A (2001) Enhancement of nitrifying biofilm formation using selected EPS produced by heterotrophic bacteria. Water Sci Technol 43:197–204. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0374
Ulrich K, Kube M, Becker R, Schneck V, Ulrich A (2021) Genomic analysis of the endophytic Stenotrophomonas strain 169 reveals features related to plant-growth promotion and stress tolerance. Front Microbiol 12:1542. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.687463
Van Aken P, Lambert N, Appels L (2022) Low temperature moving bed bioreactor denitrification as mitigation measure to reduce agricultural nitrate losses. Sci Total Environ 810:152110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152110
Van Loosdrecht MC, Henze M (1999) Maintenance, endogeneous respiration, lysis, decay and predation. Water Sci Technol 39:107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00780-X
Van Rijn J, Tal Y, Schreier HJ (2006) Denitrification in recirculating systems: theory and applications. Aquacult Eng 34:364–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.04.004
van den Heuvel RN, van der Biezen E, Jetten MSM, Hefting MM, Kartal B (2010) Denitrification at pH 4 by a soil-derived Rhodanobacter dominated community. Environ Microbiol 12:3264–3271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02301.x
von Ahnen M, Pedersen LF, Pedersen PB, Dalsgaard J (2015) Degradation of urea, ammonia and nitrite in moving bed biofilters operated at different feed loadings. Aquac Eng 69:50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2015.10.004
Wang L, Wang GL, Li SP, Jiang JD (2011) Luteibacterjiangsuensis sp. nov.: a methamidophos-degrading bacterium isolated from a methamidophos-manufacturing factory. Curr Microbiol 62:289–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-010-9707-1
Wang X, Zhao J, Yu D, Chen G, Du S, Zhen J, Yuan M (2019) Stable nitrite accumulation and phosphorous removal from nitrate and municipal wastewaters in a combined process of endogenous partial denitrification and denitrifying phosphorus removal (EPDPR). Chem Eng J 355:560–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.165
Wang J, Rong H, Cao Y, Zhang C (2020) Factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in a moving bed sequencing batch reactor (MBSBR) system as revealed by microbial community structures. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 43:1833–1846
Wang J, Xia L, Chen J, Wang X, Wu H, Li D, Wells GF, Yang J, Hou J, He X (2021) Synergistic simultaneous nitrification-endogenous denitrification and EBPR for advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands. Chem Eng J 420:127605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127605
Wu Z, Zhu W, Liu Y, Peng P, Li X, Zhou X, Xu J (2020) An integrated threedimensional electrochemical system for efficient treatment of coking wastewater rich in ammonia nitrogen. Chemosphere 246:125703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125703
Ye Y, Ngo HH, Guo W, Liu Y, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Liang H, Wang J (2018) A critical review on ammonium recovery from wastewater for sustainable wastewater management. Biores Technol 268:749–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.111
Zaman M, Kim M, Nakhla G (2021) Simultaneous nitrification-denitrifying phosphorus removal (SNDPR) at low DO for treating carbon-limited municipal wastewater. Sci Total Environ 760:143387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143387
Zhang WL, Wu SX, Ji HJ, Kolbe H (2004) Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China and the alleviating strategies I. Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China in early 21 century. Scientiaagriculturasinica 37:1008–1017
Zhang X, Zhang H, Chen Z, Wei D, Song Y, Ma Y, Zhang H (2021) Achieving biogas production and efficient pollutants removal from nitrogenous fertilizer wastewater using combined anaerobic digestion and autotrophic nitrogen removal process. Bioresour Technol 339:125659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125659
Zhong L, Lai CY, Shi LD, Wang KD, Dai YJ, Liu YW, Ma F, Rittmann BE, Zheng P, Zhao HP (2017) Nitrate effects on chromate reduction in a methane based biofilm. Water Res 115:130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.003
Zhou Q, Zhang L, Chen J, Luo Y, Zou H, Sun B (2016) Enhanced stable long-term operation of biotrickling filters treating VOCs by low-dose ozonation and its affecting mechanism on biofilm. Chemosphere 162:139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.072
Zhou J, Ji L, Gong C, Lu L, Cheng X (2020) Ceramsite vegetated concrete with water and fertilizer conservation and light weight: effect of w/c and fertilizer on basic physical performances of concrete and physiological characteristics of Festucaarundinacea. Constr Build Mater 236:117785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117785
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Ministry of Education, Government of India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis along with preparation of the first draft were performed by Roumi Bhattacharya. Debabrata Mazumder commented on previous versions of the manuscript and supervised the work. Both the authors have approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Both authors would like to consent to publish all information provided in the manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Guilherme L. Dotto
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bhattacharya, R., Mazumder, D. Performance evaluation of moving bed bioreactor for simultaneous nitrification denitrification and phosphorus removal from simulated fertilizer industry wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 49060–49074 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25708-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25708-z