Abstract
Vetiver zizanioides roots are considered the most useful part of the plant. It is widely used to extract oil. The aromatic oil is used in perfumery, food-flavouring and cosmetic industries. However, presently, there are no reports available for the usage of vetiver roots agro-waste after oil extraction in nano-based products. Considering the concept of value-added products and green-chemistry approaches, synthesising cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) using enzymatic treatment from agro-waste has emerged as a viable option. CNP’s non-toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility have sparked the industry’s interest in its production. Therefore, in the present study, 3 enzymes, cellulase, pectinase, and viscozymes, were used for the green synthesis of CNP. The characterisation of CNP was done using techniques like DLS, FTIR, TEM, SEM, AFM, and TG/DTG, and cytotoxicity of CNP was studied in human skin cell-line (HaCaT) using MTT assay. Results show that CNPs synthesised using viscozyme and pectinase were of crystalline nature (2.0–3.0 nm) and cellulase were of fibres (40–60 nm). The FTIR confirmed that CNPs were devoid of lignin/hemicellulose. The AFM pictures revealed thick and thin nanoparticles with a variety of morphologies. The thermal stability of cellulose was higher compared to CNP. All the synthesised CNPs were crystaline, with a 60–70% crystallinity index. Furthermore, CNP did not show cytotoxic effect on HaCaT cells upto 500 µg/mL concentrations. In conclusion, pectinase and viscosyme may be used for synthesing cellulose-nanocrystals and cellulase enzyme for cellulose-nanofibers from the vetiver roots agro-waste. The findings revealed that Vetiveria zizanioides agro-waste-derived CNP is a sustainable material that can be used as a reinforcing agent/nanocarrier in textile and drug-delivery systems.
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Abbreviations
- CP:
-
Cellululose particles
- CNP:
-
Cellulose nanoparticles
- CNC:
-
Cellulose nanocrystals
- CNF:
-
Cellulose nanofibres
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscope
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscope
- SPR:
-
Surface plasmon resonance
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscope
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- DLS:
-
Dynamic light scattering
- TGA:
-
Thermogravimetric analysis
- DTG:
-
Differential thermogravimetric analysis
- nm:
-
Nanometer
- DMEM:
-
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s media
- MTT:
-
3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide
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Acknowledgements
We are obliged to the Director, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, for the research facilities. Dr. Pooja Singh for SEM analysis, Parul Sharma for AFM analysis, and Dr. Priyanka Kumari for initial help establishing the protocol. We also thank to Dr. P.R. Mishra from CSIR-CDRI for DLS analysis.
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CSIR- Aroma Mission (HCP-007, Phase—II).
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Ms. Richa Seth did all the experiment and wrote first draft of the manuscript, Dr. Ramavatar Meena helped in the analysis of nanoparticles characterisation data, and Dr. Abha Meena conceptualise the work, planned all experiments, and finalised the manuscript.
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Seth, R., Meena, A. & Meena, R. Enzyme-based green synthesis, characterisation, and toxicity studies of cellulose nanocrystals/fibres produced from the Vetiveria zizanioides roots agro-waste. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 116984–116999 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24455-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24455-x