Abstract
Adsorption is a promising technology for removing several contaminants from aqueous matrices. In the last years, researchers worldwide have been working on developing composite adsorbents to overcome some limitations and drawbacks of conventional adsorbent materials, which depend on various factors, including the characteristics of the adsorbents. Therefore, it is essential to characterize the composite adsorbents to describe their properties and structure and elucidate the mechanisms, behavior, and phenomenons during the adsorption process. In this sense, this work aimed to review the main methods used for composite adsorbent characterization, providing valuable information on the importance of these techniques in developing new adsorbents. In this paper, we reviewed the following methods: X-Ray diffraction (XRD); spectroscopy; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms (BET and BJH methods); thermogravimetry (TGA); point of zero charge (pHPZC); elemental analysis; proximate analysis; swelling and water retention capacities; desorption and reuse.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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This study was financed partly by the National Council for Scientific and Technological (CNPq)—Projects Codes 403658/2020–9 and 140541/2021–7 and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.
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Conceptualization: M. T. Nazari, J. S. Piccin, G. L. Dotto; methodology: C. V. T. Rigueto, I. Alessandretti; formal analysis and investigation: F. Melara, N. F. da Silva; writing—original draft preparation: M. T. Nazari, J. S. Piccin, L. Crestani, V. Ferrari; writing—review and editing: C. Schnorr, G. L. Dotto, J. Vieillard, L. F. O. Silva; funding acquisition: J. S. Piccin; supervision: J. S. Piccin. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Nazari, M.T., Schnorr, C., Rigueto, C.V.T. et al. A review of the main methods for composite adsorbents characterization. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 88488–88506 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23883-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23883-z