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Use of Magnetic Activated Carbon in a Solid Phase Extraction Procedure for Analysis of 2,4-dichlorophenol in Water Samples

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Abstract

In the present study, a composite was synthesized by the impregnation of activated carbon with magnetite (Fe3O4) using a simple co-precipitation method. Several characterizations were performed, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), point of zero charge (PZC), specific surface area, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The magnetic activated carbon composite (MAC) was used as a new adsorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in water samples. The main experimental parameters, such as adsorbent mass, pH, adsorbent/adsorbent contact time, volume and type of desorbent, sample volume, and desorption time were optimized. The method showed linearity in the investigated concentration range of 1 μg mL−1–6 μg mL−1 (R2 = 0.999). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.293 μg mL−1 and 0.890 μg mL−1, respectively. The recoveries for the water samples ranged from 50.0% to 55.0% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 4.8%. The CAM presented application to MSPE and the magnetic properties inserted in the activated carbon (AC) contributed for the fast and easy removal of the adsorbent from the reaction medium. Thus, the proposed method proved to be easy, efficient, and environmentally friendly due to low solvent consumption.

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Abbreviations

Fe3O4 :

magnetite

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

PZC:

point of zero charge

BET method:

specific surface area

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

MAC:

magnetic activated carbon

MSPE:

magnetic solid phase extraction

2,4 DCP:

2,4-dichlorophenol

LOD:

limit of detection

LOQ:

limit of quantification

RSD:

relative standard deviation

AC:

activated carbon

2,4 D:

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

EPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

EU:

European Union

MNPs:

magnetic nanoparticles

FeSO4.7H2O:

iron sulfate heptahydrate

KOH:

potassium hydroxide

KNO3 :

potassium nitrate

EMBRAPA:

Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatograph

ACN:

acetonitrile

RL :

constant dimensionless separation factor

SPE:

solid phase extraction

SPME:

micro-solid phase extraction

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Conselho Nacional de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de amparo a pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), and the Chemical Analysis and Prospecting Laboratory–CAPQ from the Federal University of Lavras.

Funding

This study was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brasil (CAPES)–Finance Code 001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-00, Brazil

    Samantha Christina Rodrigues & Maria Lucia Bianchi

  2. Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Sao Joao del Rei, Sao Joao del Rei, MG, 36301-160, Brazil

    Maria Cristina Silva

  3. National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), EMBRAPA Instrumentation, São Carlos, SP, 13561-206, Brazil

    Juliana Arriel Torres

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  1. Samantha Christina Rodrigues
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  2. Maria Cristina Silva
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Correspondence to Samantha Christina Rodrigues.

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Rodrigues, S.C., Silva, M.C., Torres, J.A. et al. Use of Magnetic Activated Carbon in a Solid Phase Extraction Procedure for Analysis of 2,4-dichlorophenol in Water Samples. Water Air Soil Pollut 231, 294 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04610-1

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