Abstract
Surface -functionalised silica networks are advanced adsorbents. They have been given much attention for treating wastewater using the adsorption technique due to the silanol reactivity, resulting in strong binding affinities towards many pollutants. This review discusses the removal of anionic azo dyes utilising various functional groups such as amines, surfactants, polymers, macrocyclic, and other chelating groups functionalised on silica’s surface. This review also reveals the steadily increasing interest in surface-functionalised silicas as adsorbents, emphasising the scholarly advancements in this field as a platform for future research. For that, adsorption capacities with different experimental conditions have been compared. The possible adsorption mechanisms, rate-limiting step, and factors affecting the anionic azo dye adsorption process have been comprehensively discussed. This review discloses that adsorbent characteristics such as porosity and functional groups, besides structural properties of an anionic azo dye, significantly affect adsorption. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order models, with a predominantly spontaneous and endothermic nature. Multiple interactions, including electrostatic interaction, π-π interactions, and hydrogen bonding, are observed between dyes and functionalised silicas, indicating the adsorption process’s complexity. Regeneration and cost-economic analysis are also presented to provide a roadmap for sustainable improvements. Chemical and biological regeneration techniques restore > 80% of the spent functionalised silicas. There is a significant opportunity to improve their efficiencies and regenerability, resulting in surface-functionalised silicas being used commercially instead of only in the laboratory. Finally, future research has been proposed by identifying current research gaps, particularly concerning the application of functionalised silicas in wastewater treatment.
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Notes
MCM-41 is Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41.
HMS silica is husk rice modified silica.
SBA silica is Santa Barbara Amorphous silica AN was produced in University of California, Santa Barbara.
FSM-16 is folded sheet mesoporous material-16 (highly ordered mesoporous silica).
DIS, p-diethanolaminomethylcalix[4]arene-immobilised silica.
KCC-1 is Kaust Catalysis Center -1 (a new family of high-surface area silica).
∆H, the change in the enthalpy of adsorption process.
MAMPS, mono-amine-modified precipitated silica.
MAMMS, mono-amine-modified magnetic precipitated silica.
SDS, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid.
BCE, before chemical etching.
ACE1, after chemical etching for once time.
D-R model, Dubinin − Radushkevich isotherm model.
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Dr. Waheeba initiated the idea for the review manuscript, performed the literature search and data analysis, and wrote the first draft of the review manuscript. Professor Megat Ahmad Kamal Megat Hanafiah and Dr. Abdul-Hakeem A. Mohammed read, commented, and critically revised the previous versions of the review manuscript. All authors read and approved the final review manuscript.
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Al-Amrani, W.A., Hanafiah, M.A.K.M. & Mohammed, AH.A. A comprehensive review of anionic azo dyes adsorption on surface-functionalised silicas. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 76565–76610 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23062-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23062-0