Abstract
Octocrylene sunscreen is found in different environmental compartments. Unlike aquatic organisms, there are few studies evaluating the adverse effects caused by this pollutant on terrestrial plants, and no studies on soil fauna. In this study, octocrylene was evaluated at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 µg/L for phytotoxicity, cytogenotoxicity, and oxidative stress in Allium cepa L., and acute toxicity and oxidative stress in Eisenia fetida Sav. In A. cepa, at concentrations of 100 and 1000 µg/L, octocrylene reduced the germination potential in seeds, inhibited root elongation, and caused disturbance in cell division in roots. In E. fetida, the concentration of 1000 µg/L promoted an avoidance rate of 80%, while 10 µg/L caused a hormesis effect. The concentrations 100 and 1000 µg/L caused lipid peroxidation in A. cepa and E. fetida. Based on the results, the recurrent use of biosolids in soil fertilization, as well as the irrigation of plants with wastewater, with the presence of octocrylene can negatively impact the survival of different species that depend directly or indirectly on the soil.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All authors certify that all data and materials, as well as the software application or custom code, support their published statements and meet field standards.
References
ABNT - Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (2011) NBR ISO 17512–1: soil quality: leakage test to evaluate soil quality and effects of chemical substances on behavior. Part 1: test with earthworms (Eisenia fetidae and Eisenia andrei). https://www.academia.edu/35301635/ABNT_Associação_Brasileira_de_normas_técnicas. Acessed 04 Feb 2022
Anjum NA, Sofo A, Scopa A, Roychoudhury A, Gill SS, Iqbal M, Ahmad I (2015) Lipids and proteins—major targets of oxidative modifications in abiotic stressed plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:4099–4121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3917-1
Azevedo RAD, Alas R, Smith RJ, Lea PJ (1998) Response of antioxidant enzymes to transfer from elevated carbon dioxide to air and ozone fumigation, in the leaves and roots of wild-type and a catalase-deficient mutant of barley. Physiol Plant 104:280–292. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.104021.x
Biruk LN, Moretton J, Iorio AF, Weigandt C, Etcheverry J, Filippetto J, Magdaleno A (2017) Toxicity and genotoxicity assessment in sediments from the Matanza-Riachuelo river basin (Argentina) under the influence of heavy metals and organic contaminants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 135:302–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.024
Blüthgen N, Meili N, Chew G, Odermatt A, Fent K (2014) Accumulation and effects of the UV-filter octocrylene in adult and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci Total Environ 476:207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.015
Boyd A, Stewart CB, Philibert DA, How ZT, El-Din MG, Tierney KB, Blewett TA (2021) A burning issue: the effect of organic ultraviolet filter exposure on the behaviour and physiology of Daphnia magna. Sci Total Environ 750:141707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141707
Calabrese EJ (2005) Paradigm lost, paradigm found: the re-emergence of hormesis as a fundamental dose response model in the toxicological sciences. Environ Pollut 138:378–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.10.001
Córdoba-Pedregosa C, Córdoba F, Villalba JM, González-Reyes JA (2003) Zonal changes in ascorbate and hydrogen peroxide contents, peroxidase, and ascorbate-related enzyme activities in onion roots. Plant Physiol 131:697–706. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.012682
Datta S, Singh J, Singh J, Singh S, Singh S (2021) Escape behavior of Eisenia fetida and Metaphire posthuma towards two different pesticides, acephate and atrazine. Chemosphere 278:130476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130476
Duis K, Junker T, Coors A (2022) Review of the environmental fate and effects of two UV filter substances used in cosmetic products. Sci Total Environ 808:151931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151931
Falfushynska H, Sokolov EP, Fisch K, Gazie H, Schulz-Bull DE, Sokolova IM (2021) Biomarker-based assessment of sublethal toxicity of organic UV filters (ensulizole and octocrylene) in a sentinel marine bivalve Mytilus edulis. Sci Total Environ 798:149171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149171
Fiskesjö G (1985) The Allium test as standart in enviromental monitoring. Hereditas 102:99–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1985.tb00471.x
Frâncica LS, Gonçalves EV, Santos AA, Vicente YS, Silva TS, Gonzalez RS, Peron AP (2022) Antiproliferative, genotoxic and mutagenic potential of synthetic chocolate flavor for food. Braz J Biol 82.https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.243628
Giraldo A, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Vidal-Liñán L, Beiras R (2017) Ecotoxicological evaluation of the UV filters ethylhexyl dimethyl p-aminobenzoic acid and octocrylene using marine organisms Isochrysis galbana, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Paracentrotus lividus. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 72:606–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0399-4
Herrero O, Martín JP, Freire PF, López LC, Peropadre A, Hazen MJ (2012) Toxicological evaluation of three contaminants of emerging concern by use of the Allium cepa test. Mut Res/gen Toxicol Environ Mutagen 743:20–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.028
Hopkins ZR, Snowberger S, Blaney L (2017) Ozonation of the oxybenzone, octinoxate, and octocrylene UV-filters: reaction kinetics, absorbance characteristics, and transformation products. J Hazard 338:23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.016
ISO (2008) ISO 17512–1: Soil quality - Escape test for determining the quality of soils and effects of chemicals on behaviour part 1: test with earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei). https://www.iso.org/standard/38402.html. Acessed 21 Dec 2021
Jentzsch F, Reich M, Kümmerer K, Olsson O (2019) Photolysis of mixtures of UV filters octocrylene and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate leads to formation of mixed transformation products and different kinetics. Sci Total Environ 697:134048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134048
Kraus TE, McKersie BD, Fletcher RA (1995) Paclobutrazol-induced tolerance of wheat leaves to paraquat may involve increased antioxidant enzyme activity. J Plant Physiol 145:570–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81790-6
Kumar V, Shahi SK, Ferreira LFR, Bilal M, Biswas JK, Bulgariu L (2021) Detection and characterization of refractory organic and inorganic pollutants discharged in biomethanated distillery effluent and their phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity assessment using Phaseolus aureus L. and Allium cepa L. Environ Res 201:111551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111551
Labille J, Slomberg D, Catalano R, Robert S, Apers-Tremelo ML, Boudenne JL, Radakovitch O (2020) Assessing UV filter inputs into beach waters during recreational activity: a field study of three French Mediterranean beaches from consumer survey to water analysis. Sci Total Environ 706:136010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136010
Li Y, Wei L, Cao J, Qiu L, Jiang X, Li P, Song Q, Zhou H, Han Q (2016) Oxidative stress, DNA damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in the pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) when exposed to hypoxia and reoxyhgenation. Chemosphere 144:234–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.051
Liu YS, Ying GG, Shareef A, Kookana RS (2012) Occurrence and removal of benzotriazoles and ultraviolet filters in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Environ Pollut 165:225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.009
Matsuno H, Uritani I (1972) Physiological behavior of peroxidase isozymes in sweet potato root tissue injured by cutting or with black rot. Plant Cell Physiol 13:1091–1101. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a074815
Meng Q, Yeung K, Chan KM (2021) Toxic effects of octocrylene on zebrafish larvae and liver cell line (ZFL). Aquat Toxicol 236:105843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105843
Niemeyer JC, Alves PRL, Nune MET, Cardoso EJBN, Brown GG, Cantelli KB, Sautter KD, Segat JC, Cesar RG, Colonese JP, Pasini A, Römbke J, Sousa JP, Buch AC, Baretta D (2019) Escape behavior test. https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/1117954/ensaio-de-comportamento-de-fuga. Acessed 11 Aug 2022. (in portuguese)
Nieto A, Borrull F, Marcé RM, Pocurull E (2009) Determination of personal care products in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 1216:5619–5625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.061
OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2006) Land Plants: Growth Test. Chemical Testing Guideline No. 208 OECD Publications Service, Paris. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-208-terrestrial. Acessed 03 Dec 2021
Pawlowski S, Lanzinger AC, Dolich T, Füßl S, Salinas ER, Zok S, Petersen-Thiery M (2019) Evaluation of the bioaccumulation of octocrylene after dietary and aqueous exposure. Sci Total Environ 672:669–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.237
Plagellat C, Kupper T, Furrer R, Alencastro LF, Grandjean D, Tarradellas J (2006) Concentrations and specific loads of UV filters in sewage sludge originating from a monitoring network in Switzerland. Chemosphere 62:915–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.024
Rank J, Nielsen M (1997) Allium cepa anaphase-telophase root tip chromosome aberration assay on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, maleic hydrazide, sodium azide and ethyl methanesulfonate. Mutat Res 390:121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1218(97)00008-6
Rico A, Sabater C, Castillo MA (2016) Lethal and sub-lethal effects of five pesticides used in rice farming on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 127:222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.02.004
Rodil R, Villaverde-de-Saa E, Cobas J, Quintana JB, Cela R, Carro N (2019) Legacy and emerging pollutants in marine bivalves from the Galician coast (NW Spain). Environ Int 129:364–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.018
Sales IMS, Santos FKS, Sousa JMC, Silva FCC, Peron AP (2017) Acute toxicity of grape, plum and orange synthetic food flavourings evaluated in vivo test systems. Food Technol Biotechnol 55:131–137. https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.55.01.17.4770
Schutz DL, Marco IG, Alves GL, Vincoski JVA, Ishikawa S, Oliveira APS, Düsman E (2021) Biomonitoring of surface water quality in the Chopim River within the Conservation Unit Campos de Palmas Wildlife Refuge, southern Brazil. Environ Monit Assess 193:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09464-6
Singh S, Tripathi DK, Singh S, Sharma S, Dubey NK, Chauhan DK, Vaculík M (2017) Toxicity of aluminium on various levels of plant cells and organism: a review. Environ Exp Bot 137:77–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.01.005
Stien D, Clergeaud F, Rodrigues AM, Lebaron K, Pillot R, Romans P, Lebaron P (2018) Metabolomics reveal that octocrylene accumulates in Pocillopora damicornis tissues as fatty acid conjugates and triggers coral cell mitochondrial dysfunction. Anal Chem 91:990–995. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04187
Sun YI, Oberley L, Li Y (1988) A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin Chem 34:497–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.04.020
Wang G, Wang J, Zhu L, Wang J, Li H, Zhang Y, Liu W, Gao J (2018) Oxidative damage and genetictoxicity induced by DPB in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 74:527–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0451-4
Yan S, Liang M, Chen R, Hong X, Zha J (2020) Reproductive toxicity and estrogen activity in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of octocrylene. Environ Pollut 261:114104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114104
Young BJ, Riera NI, Beily ME, Bres PA, Crespo DC, Ronco AE (2012) Toxicity of the effluent from an anaerobic bioreactor treating cereal residues on Lactuca sativa. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 76:182–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.09.019
Zhong X, Downs CA, Li Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Liu B, Li Q (2020) Comparison of toxicological effects of oxybenzone, avobenzone, octocrylene, and octinoxate sunscreen ingredients on cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.). Sci Total Environ 714:136879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136879
Zhu Z, Wei G, Li J, Qian Q, Yu J (2004) Silicon alleviates salt stress and increases antioxidant enzymes activity in leaves of salt-stressed cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Plant Sci 167:527–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.04.020
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Diego Espírito Santo, Elisângela Dusman, Regiane da Silva Gonzalez, Adriano Lopes Romero, Gabrielle Cristina dos Santos Gonçalves do Nascimento, Matheus Augusto de Souza Moura, Patricia Aline Bressani, Ádila Cristina Krukoski Filipi, Eduardo Michel Vieira Gomes, Juan Carlos Pokrywiecki, Flávia Vieira da Silva Medeiros, and Débora Cristina de Souza. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ana Paula Peron and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
This study did not involve humans. E. fetida earthworms are not considered by the animal ethics committee; that is, they do not need approval from the animal ethics committee to be used in research.
Consent to participate
All authors consented to participate in the manuscript.
Consent for publication
All authors have approved the manuscript and agree to its publication, if accepted by ESPR.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ludek Blaha
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Santo, D.E., Dusman, E., da Silva Gonzalez, R. et al. Prospecting toxicity of octocrylene in Allium cepa L. and Eisenia fetida Sav. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 8257–8268 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22795-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22795-2