Abstract
Sludge incineration is one of the most efficient sludge treatment methods. The fly ash produced by incineration must be handled further since it has a significant number of heavy metals. In this study, the chemical composition of sewage sludge incineration fly ash (SSA) generated from Zhejiang in various months was identified by XRD, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), and SEM analyzes. The SSA were treated by a (NH4)2SO4 roasting-acid leaching process to determine its effect on the elimination performance of heavy metals. The SSA content on the mechanical properties and heavy metal leaching of modified SSA-filled PP composite were also studied. Results show (NH4)2SO4 roasting-acid leaching process has a good effect of eliminating heavy metals, with the highest leaching of Zn of 86.4%. The presence of sodium stearate modifier increases activation index of SSA and then improves the compatibility of SSA particles in PP, resulting for the composites have relatively excellent mechanical properties. For the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test, modified SSA particles can be effectively encapsulated with PP resins, which have a considerable inhibitory effect on heavy metal leaching. This process from this study provides a reference for sewage sludge treatment by using modified SSA as a polymer filler to achieve the immobilization of heavy metals and the resource recycling.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Alghanmi SI, Al Sulami AF, El-Zayat TA, Alhogbi BG, Salam MA (2015) Acid leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soil collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: kinetic and thermodynamics studies. Intl Soil Water Conserv Res 3(3):196–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.08.002
Antonkiewicz J, Kowalewska A, Mikołajczak S, Kołodziej B, Bryk M, Spychaj-Fabisiak E, Koliopoulos T, Babula J (2022) Phytoextraction of heavy metals after application of bottom ash and municipal sewage sludge considering the risk of environmental pollution. J Environ Manag 306:114517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114517
Baeza-Brotons F, Garcés P, Payá J, Saval JM (2014) Portland cement systems with addition of sewage sludge ash. Application in concretes for the manufacture of blocks. J Clean Prod 82:112–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.072
Bhargava SK, Ram R, Pownceby M, Grocott S, Ring B, Tardio J, Jones L (2015) A review of acid leaching of uraninite. Hydrometallurgy 151:10–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.10.015
Bonda S, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2012) Viscoelastic, mechanical, and thermal characterization of fly ash-filled ABS composites and comparison of fly ash surface treatments. Polym Compos 33(1):22–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.21242
Cammarota A, Cammarota F, Chirone R, Ruoppolo G, Solimene R, Urciuolo M (2019) Fluidized bed combustion of pelletized sewage sludge in a pilot scale reactor. Combust Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2019.1605363
Cao N-N (2010) Study on stabilization process of modified sludge and its sanitary landfill technology. Taiyuan University of Technology
Clarke BO, Smith SR (2011) Review of ‘emerging’organic contaminants in biosolids and assessment of international research priorities for the agricultural use of biosolids. Environ Int 37(1):226–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.004
Collivignarelli MC, Abbà A, Carnevale Miino M, Torretta V (2019) What advanced treatments can be used to minimize the production of sewage sludge in WWTPs? Appl Sci 9(13):2650. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9132650
Cusidó JA, Cremades LV (2012) Environmental effects of using clay bricks produced with sewage sludge: Leachability and toxicity studies. Waste Manag 32(6):1202–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.12.024
Deng W-Y, Li X-D, Yan J-H, Wang F, Chi Y, Cen K (2011) Moisture distribution in sludges based on different testing methods. J Environ Sci 23(5):875–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60518-9
Fang W, Delapp RC, Kosson DS, Van Der Sloot HA, Liu J (2017) Release of heavy metals during long-term land application of sewage sludge compost: percolation leaching tests with repeated additions of compost. Chemosphere 169:271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.086
Fang W, Wei Y-H, Liu J-G (2016) Comparative characterization of sewage sludge compost and soil: heavy metal leaching characteristics. J Hazard Mater 310:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.025
Feng X, Zhang Y, Wang G-L, Miao M, Shi L-Y (2015) Dual-surface modification of calcium sulfate whisker with sodium hexametaphosphate/silica and use as new water-resistant reinforcing fillers in papermaking. Powder Technol 271:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.11.015
Hao D, Lu S-C, Deng Y-X, Du G-X (2007) Mechano-activated surface modification of calcium carbonate in wet stirred mill and its properties. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 17(5):1100–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(07)60232-5
Huang H-J, Yuan X-Z (2015) Recent progress in the direct liquefaction of typical biomass. Prog Energy Combust Sci 49:59–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2015.01.003
Jessima SHM, Berisha A, Srikandan SS, Subhashini S (2020) Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of corrosion inhibition efficiency of sodium lauryl sulfate modified chitosan for mild steel in the acid pickling process. J Mol Liq 320:114382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114382
Klein DH, Andren AW, Carter JA, Emery JF, Feldman C, Fulkerson W, Lyon WS, Ogle JC, Talmi Y (1975) Pathways of thirty-seven trace elements through coal-fired power plant. Environ Sci Technol 9(10):973–979
Kulkarni MB, Mahanwar PA (2016) Studies on effect of titanate-coupling agent (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5%) on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of fly ash–filled polypropylene composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 29(3):344–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0892705713518795
Lee CS, Robinson J, Chong MF (2014) A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment. Process Saf Environ Protect Circ Econ 92(6):489–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.04.010
Li C-Y, Zhang X-Y, Zhang B-X, Tan Y-F, Li F-L (2021) Reuse of sintered sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants for the production of lightweight aggregate building mortar. Crystals 11(8):999. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080999
Li M, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Lau T, Chiong E (2014) Surface modification of silicone with covalently immobilized and crosslinked agarose for potential application in the inhibition of infection and omental wrapping. Adv Funct Mater 24(11):1631–1643. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201302242
Luo J-Y, Hu D-J, Shao H-P, Fang S-B, Lu Q-Y, Huang K-W, Yan J (2019) Dynamic analysis of physicochemical characteristics of fly ash from municipal waste incineration. Zhejiang Chemical Industry 7
Ma W, Meng F-L, Qiu D, Tang Y-Y (2020) Co-stabilization of Pb/Cu/Zn by beneficial utilization of sewage sludge incineration ash: effects of heavy metal type and content. Resour Conserv Recycl 156:104671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104671
Ma Y-R, Zhang Z, Su Q, Liu Z, Yan X-X, Zhang S, Ying S-B, Wang L-J (2022) Preparation and mechanical properties improvement of waste sulfonic acid resin-modified polypropylene composites. J Shanghai Second Polytech Univ 39(01):30–35. https://doi.org/10.19570/j.cnki.jsspu.2022.01.005
Paris JM, Roessler JG, Ferraro CC, Deford HD, Townsend TG (2016) A review of waste products utilized as supplements to Portland cement in concrete. J Clean Prod 121:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.013
Ponsot I, Bernardo E, Bontempi E, Depero L, Detsch R, Chinnam RK, Boccaccini AR (2015) Recycling of pre-stabilized municipal waste incinerator fly ash and soda-lime glass into sintered glass-ceramics. J Clean Prod 89:224–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.091
Radziemska M, Gusiatin ZM, Bęś A, Czajkowska J, Mazur Z, Hammerschmiedt T, Sikorski Ł, Kobzova E, Klik BK, Sas W, Liniauskienė E, Holatko J, Brtnicky M (2021) Can the application of municipal sewage sludge compost in the aided phytostabilization technique provide an effective waste management method? Adv Wastewater Treat Biomass Energy 14(7):1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071984
Sänger M, Werther J, Ogada T (2001) NOx and N2O emission characteristics from fluidised bed combustion of semi-dried municipal sewage sludge. Fuel 80(2):167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00093-4
Schnell M, Horst T, Quicker P (2020) Thermal treatment of sewage sludge in Germany: A review. J Environ Manag 263:110367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110367
Smol M, Kulczycka J, Henclik A, Gorazda K, Wzorek Z (2015) The possible use of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in the construction industry as a way towards a circular economy. J Clean Prod 95:45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.051
Syed-Hassan ASS, Wang Y, Hu S, Su S, Xiang J (2017) Thermochemical processing of sewage sludge to energy and fuel: Fundamentals, challenges and considerations. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 80:888–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.262
Tsang K, Vesilind P (1990) Moisture distribution in sludges. Water Sci Technol 22(12):135–142. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0108
Wang Q, Cheng S, Huang J, Qiao Y (2017) Comparative experimental study of odor gases control methods during sewage sludge drying process. Huazhong Keji Daxue Xuebao /Journal Huazhong Univ. Sci Technol 45:73–77. https://doi.org/10.13245/j.hust.170414
Yang G, Zhang G-M, Wang H-C (2015) Current state of sludge production, management, treatment and disposal in China. Water Res 78:60–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.002
Yuan S (2013) Experimental study on leaching of heavy metals from domestic waste incineration fly ash. Chongqing University
Záleská M, Pavlík Z, Pavlíková M, Scheinherrová L, Pokorný J, Trník A, Svora P, Fořt J, Jankovský O, Suchorab Z (2018) Biomass ash-based mineral admixture prepared from municipal sewage sludge and its application in cement composites. Clean Techn Environ Policy 20(1):159–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1465-3
Zhang S, Wang F, Mei Z-Y, Lv L-K, Chi Y (2021) Status and development of sludge incineration in China. Waste Biomass Valorization 12(7):3541–3574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01217-9
Funding
The authors received financial support provided by Technology Program of ZJUT (KYY-HX-20200382).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Haifeng Zhu: experiment, writing original draft. Qing Sun: conceptualization, data curation, revising, funding acquisition. Jun Yan: experiment, data curation. Jian Zhang: resources. Jiawei Sheng: project administration, review and editing, funding.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Guilherme L. Dotto
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, H., Sun, Q., Yan, J. et al. Recycling of municipal sewage sludge incineration fly ash based on (NH4) 2SO4 roasting-acid leaching and filling PP matrix process. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 89986–89995 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22061-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22061-5