Abstract
East Africa has enormous renewable energy potential, but only a small portion of it has been exploited, and little is known on its role in improving environmental quality. Thus, this study empirically examines the impact of renewable energy on the environment using ecological footprint (EF; positive indicator) and CO2 emissions (negative indicator) as proxy indicators for environmental quality in a panel of ten East African countries from 1990 to 2015. These indicators were chosen due to their potential impact in the environment. The work used the pooled mean group (PMG) as the main panel estimator to determine the impact while controlling non-renewable energy consumption, GDP per capita, and foreign direct investment (FDI). PMG has been used as it forces the long-run coefficients to be equal across all panel groups. The findings show that in the long run, there is a significant negative relationship between CO2 emissions and renewable energy consumption, as well as a significant positive relationship (with a low impact) between EF and renewable energy consumption, suggesting that renewable energy use enhances the area’s environmental quality. Also, results indicate that non-renewable energy use degrades environmental quality in both metrics, whereas GDP degrades environmental quality through CO2 emissions and improves environmental quality through EF. This requires East African countries to focus a higher emphasis on accessible renewable energy sources to achieve quick and sustainable economic growth and minimize environmental effects. To accomplish this, strategic policies and legislation, as well as the promotion of green technology, are required.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Acheampong AO, Dzator J, Savage DA (2021) Renewable energy, CO2 emissions and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa: does institutional quality matter? J Policy Model 43:1070–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2021.03.011
Adedoyin FF, Ozturk I, Agboola MO, Agboola PO, Bekun FV (2021) The implications of renewable and non-renewable energy generating in Sub-Saharan Africa: the role of economic policy uncertainties. Energy Policy 150:112115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112115
Agboola MO, Bekun FV (2019) Does agricultural value added induce environmental degradation? Empirical evidence from an agrarian country. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:27660–27676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05943-z
Agostinho AA, Gomes LC, Santos NC, Ortega JC, Pelicice FM (2016) Fish assemblages in Neotropical reservoirs: colonization patterns, impacts and management. Fish Res 173:26–36
Ahmad M, Zheng J (2021) Do innovation in environmental-related technologies cyclically and asymmetrically affect environmental sustainability in BRICS nations? Techno Soc 67:101746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101746
Alola AA, Bekun FV, Sarkodie SA (2019) Dynamic impact of trade policy, economic growth, fertility rate, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in Europe. Sci Total Environ 685:702–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.139
Altıntaş H, Kassouri Y (2020) The impact of energy technology innovations on cleaner energy supply and carbon footprints in Europe: a linear versus nonlinear approach. J Clean Prod 276:124140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124140
Ansari MA, Haider S, Khan N (2020) Environmental Kuznets curve revisited: an analysis using ecological and material footprint. Ecol Indic 115:106416. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2020.1790242
Ansari MA, Haider S, Masood T (2021) Do renewable energy and globalization enhance ecological footprint: an analysis of top renewable energy countries? Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:6719–6732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10786-0
Apergis N, Payne JE, Menyah K, Wolde-Rufael Y (2010) On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecol Econ 69:2255–2260
Aslan A, Ozsolak B, Doğanalp N (2021) Environmental quality and renewable energy consumption with different quality indicators: evidence from robust result with panel quantile approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15181-x
Asteriou D, Pilbeam K, Pratiwi CE (2021) Public debt and economic growth: panel data evidence for Asian countries. J Econ Finance 45:270–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12197-020-09515-7
Aydin C, Esen Ö, Aydin R (2019) Is the ecological footprint related to the Kuznets curve a real process or rationalizing the ecological consequences of the affluence? Evidence from PSTR approach. Ecol Indic 98:543–555
Aziz N, Sharif A, Raza A, Rong K (2020) Revisiting the role of forestry, agriculture, and renewable energy in testing environment Kuznets curve in Pakistan: evidence from quantile ARDL approach. Environ Sci and Pollut Res 27:10115–10128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07798-1
Baz K, Xu D, Ali H, Ali I, Khan I, Khan MM, Cheng J (2020) Asymmetric impact of energy consumption and economic growth on ecological footprint: using asymmetric and nonlinear approach. Sci Total Environ 718:137364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137364
Bekun FV, Alola AA, Sarkodie SA (2019) Toward a sustainable environment: nexus between CO2 emissions, resource rent, renewable and nonrenewable energy in 16-EU countries. Sci Total Environ 657:1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.104
Bilgili F, Ulucak R (2018) Is there deterministic, stochastic, and/or club convergence in ecological footprint indicator among G20 countries? Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:35404–35419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3457-1
Bishoge O, Zhang L, Mushi W (2018) The potential renewable energy for sustainable development in Tanzania: a review. Clean Technol 1:70–88. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol1010006
Bölük G, Mert M (2014) Fossil & renewable energy consumption, GHGs (greenhouse gases) and economic growth: evidence from a panel of EU (European Union) countries. Energy 74:439–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.008
Charfeddine L, Kahia M (2019) Impact of renewable energy consumption and financial development on CO2 emissions and economic growth in the MENA region: a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) analysis. Renew Energy 139:198–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.010
Conti JJ, Holtberg PD, Beamon J, Schaal AM, Ayoub J, Turnure JT (2014) Annual energy outlook 2014.US Energy Information Administration. 1–269.
Danish, Wang Z (2019) Investigation of the ecological footprint’s driving factors: what we learn from the experience of emerging economies. Sustain Cities Soc 49:101626 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101626
Destek MA, Sarkodie SA (2019) Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: the role of energy and financial development. Sci Total Environ 650:2483–2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017
Destek MA, Sinha A (2020) Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: evidence from organisation for economic co-operation and development countries. J Clean Prod 242:118537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
Dickey DA, Fuller WA (1979) Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. J Am Stat Assoc 74(427–431):2286348
Dogan E, Ulucak R, Kocak E, Isik C (2020) The use of ecological footprint in estimating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for BRICST by considering cross-section dependence and heterogeneity. Sci Total Environ 723:138063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138063
Dong K, Sun R, Hochman G (2017) Do natural gas and renewable energy consumption lead to less CO2 emission? Empirical evidence from a panel of BRICS countries. Energy 141:1466–1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.092
Engle RF, Granger CWJ (1987) Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econom 55(251–276):1913236
Ghazali A, Ali G (2019) Investigation of key contributors of CO2 emissions in extended STIRPAT model for newly industrialized countries: a dynamic common correlated estimator (DCCE) approach. Energy Rep 5:242–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.02.006
Hafner M, Tagliapietra S, Falchetta G, Occhiali G (2019) Renewables for energy access and sustainable development in East Africa. Springer Nature http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/23302. Accessed 25 November 2021
Hankins M, Sosis K, Kinuthia A, Ndemere Arineitwe J, Kithinji J, Baker Kucel S, Muwonge JJ, Njau K, Nturanabo F, Adib R (2016) East African community-EAC renewable energy and energy efficiency regional status report 2016. Renewable Energy Network for the 21st Century REN21, Paris. https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/REN21-EAC-web-EN.pdf.pdf. Accessed 23 January 2022
Im KS, Pesaran MH, Shin Y (2003) Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. J Econ 115:53–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
Jaforullah M, King A (2015) Does the use of renewable energy sources mitigate CO2 emissions? A reassessment of the US evidence. Energy Econ 49:711–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.04.006
Jayanthakumaran K, Liu Y (2012) Openness and the environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from China. Econ Model 29:566–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.12.011
Jayanthakumaran K, Verma R, Liu Y (2012) CO2 emissions, energy consumption, trade and income: a comparative analysis of China and India. Energy Policy 42:450–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.12.010
Jebli MB, Youssef SB (2015) The environmental Kuznets curve, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy, and trade in Tunisia. Renew Sust Energy Rev 47:173–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.049
Jebli MB, Youssef SB (2017) The role of renewable energy and agriculture in reducing CO2 emissions: evidence for North Africa countries. Ecol Indic 74:295–301
Jiang L, He S, Zhou H, Kong H, Wang J, Cui Y, Wang L (2021) Coordination between sulfur dioxide pollution control and rapid economic growth in China: evidence from satellite observations and spatial econometric models. Struct Chang Econ Dyn 57:279–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.04.001
Jiao J, Han X, Li F, Bai Y, Yu Y (2017) Contribution of demand shifts to industrial SO2 emissions in a transition economy: evidence from China. J Clean Prod 164:1455–1466
Khattak SI, Ahmad M (2022a) The cyclical impact of green and sustainable technology research on carbon dioxide emissions in BRICS economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:22687–22707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17368-8
Khattak SI, Ahmad M (2022b) The cyclical impact of innovation in green and sustainable technologies on carbon dioxide emissions in OECD economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:33809–33825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18577-5
Khattak SI, Ahmad M, b Haq Z, Shaofu G, Hang Ja, et al (2022) On the goals of sustainable production and the conditions of environmental sustainability: does cyclical innovation in green and sustainable technologies determine carbon dioxide emissions in G-7 economies. Sustain Prod Consum 29:406–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.10.022
Twerefou DK, Danso-Mensah K, Bokpin GA (2017) The environmental effects of economic growth and globalization in Sub-Saharan Africa: a panel general method of moments approach. Res Int Bus Finance 42:939–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.028
Levin A, Lin C-F, Chu C-SJ (2002) Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. J Econ 108:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
Lin B, Raza MY (2019) Analysis of energy related CO2 emissions in Pakistan. J Clean Prod 219:981–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.112
Liu X, Zhang S, Bae J (2017) The impact of renewable energy and agriculture on carbon dioxide emissions: investigating the environmental Kuznets curve in four selected ASEAN countries. J Clean Prod 164:1239–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.086
Ma X, Wang C, Dong B, Gu G, Chen R, Li Y, Zou H, Zhang W, Li Q (2019) Carbon emissions from energy consumption in China: its measurement and driving factors. Sci Total Environ 648:1411–1420
Maji IK, Adamu S (2021) The impact of renewable energy consumption on sectoral environmental quality in Nigeria. Clean Environ Syst 2:100009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100009
Malhi GS, Kaur M, Kaushik P (2021) Impact of climate change on agriculture and its mitigation strategies: a review. Sust 13:1318
Mead I (2017) International Energy Outlook 2017. US Energy Information Administration. http://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/event/170914_CSIS_release.pdf. Accessed 05 November 2021
Namahoro JP, Wu Q, Xiao H, Zhou N (2021) The impact of renewable energy, economic and population growth on CO2 emissions in the East African region: evidence from common correlated effect means group and asymmetric analysis. Energies 14:312. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020312
Nassani AA, Aldakhil AM, Abro MMQ, Zaman K (2017) Environmental Kuznets curve among BRICS countries: spot lightening finance, transport, energy and growth factors. J Clean Prod 154:474–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.025
Nathaniel S, Nwodo O, Adediran A, Sharma G, Shah M, Adeleye N (2019) Ecological footprint, urbanization, and energy consumption in South Africa: including the excluded. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:27168–27179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05924-2
Nathaniel S, Anyanwu O, Shah M (2020) Renewable energy, urbanization, and ecological footprint in the Middle East and North Africa region. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:14601–14613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08017-7
Nathaniel S, Barua S, Hussain H, Adeleye N (2021) The determinants and interrelationship of carbon emissions and economic growth in African economies: fresh insights from static and dynamic models. J Public Aff e2141:1–15.
Nathaniel S, Adeleye N (2021) Environmental preservation amidst carbon emissions, energy consumption, and urbanization in selected African countries: implication for sustainability. J Clean Prod 285:125409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125409
Nautiyal H, Goel V (2021) Sustainability assessment: metrics and methods. Methods Sust Sci 1:27–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823987-2.00017-9
Nguyen KH, Kakinaka M (2019) Renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions, and development stages: some evidence from panel cointegration analysis. Renew Energy 132:1049–1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.08.069
Omojolaibi J, Nathaniel S (2020) Assessing the potency of environmental regulation in maintaining environmental sustainability in MENA countries: an advanced panel data estimation. J Public Aff e2526:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2526
Othieno H, Awange J (2016) Energy resources in East Africa. Energy Resour Africa 1:33–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25187-5_2
Pedroni P (1999) Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxf Bull Econ Stat 61:653–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
Pedroni P (2004) Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econ Theory 20:597–625. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466604203073
Pesaran MH, Smith RP (1995) Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. J Econ 68:79–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01644-F
Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RP (1999) Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. J Am Stat Assoc 94:621–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1999.10474156
Radmehr R, Henneberry SR, Shayanmehr S (2021) Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth nexus: a simultaneity spatial modeling analysis of EU countries. Struct Chang Econ Dyn 57:13–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.01.006
Riti JS, Song D, Shu Y, Kamah M, Atabani AA (2018) Does renewable energy ensure environmental quality in favour of economic growth? Empirical evidence from China’s renewable development. Qual Quant 52:2007–2030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0577-5
Saboori B, Sulaiman JB, Mohd S (2012) An empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions in Indonesia: the role of energy consumption and foreign trade. Int J Econ Finance 4:243–251
Sahoo M, Sahoo J (2020) Effects of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions in India: empirical evidence from disaggregated data analysis. J Public Aff 22:e2307. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2307
Salahuddin M, Alam K, Ozturk I, Sohag K (2018) The effects of electricity consumption, economic growth, financial development and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Kuwait. Renew Sust Energy Rev 81:2002–2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.009
Salahuddin M, Ali MI, Vink N, Gow J (2019) The effects of urbanization and globalization on CO2 emissions: evidence from the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:2699–2709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3790-4
Salahuddin M, Gow J (2019) Effects of energy consumption and economic growth on environmental quality: evidence from Qatar. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:18124–18142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05188-w
Salahuddin M, Habib MA, Al-Mulali U, Ozturk I, Marshall M, Ali MI (2020) Renewable energy and environmental quality: a second-generation panel evidence from the Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. Environ Res 191:110094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110094
Sarkodie SA (2018) The invisible hand and EKC hypothesis: what are the drivers of environmental degradation and pollution in Africa? Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:21993–22022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2347-x
Sarkodie SA, Strezov V, Weldekidan H, Asamoah EF, Owusu PA, Doyi INY (2019) Environmental sustainability assessment using dynamic autoregressive-distributed lag simulations—nexus between greenhouse gas emissions, biomass energy, food and economic growth. Sci Total Environ 668:318–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.432
Sarkodie SA, Ozturk I (2020) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Kenya: a multivariate analysis. Renew Sust Energy Rev 117:109481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109481
Sasana H, Putri AE (2018) The increase of energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sci 31:01008. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183101008
Sephton P, Mann J (2016) Compelling evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve in the United Kingdom. Environ Resour Econ 64:301–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-014-9871-z
Shabani ZD, Shahnazi R (2019) Energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, information and communications technology, and gross domestic product in Iranian economic sectors: a panel causality analysis. Energy 169:1064–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.062
Sharma R, Sinha A, Kautish P (2020) Examining the impacts of economic and demographic aspects on the ecological footprint in South and Southeast Asian countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:36970–36982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09659-3
Sharma R, Sinha A, Kautish P (2021) Does renewable energy consumption reduce ecological footprint? Evidence from eight developing countries of Asia. J Clean Prod 285:124867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124867
Sinha A (2016) Trilateral association between SO2/NO2 emission, inequality in energy intensity, and economic growth: a case of Indian cities. Atmos Pollut Res 7:647–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.02.010
Solomon S, Manning M, Marquis M, Qin D (2007) Climate change 2007-the physi cal science basis: working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC, 4. Cambridge University Press
Su Y, Jiang Q, Khattak SI, Ahmad M, Li H (2021) Do higher education research and development expenditures affect environmental sustainability? New evidence from Chinese provinces. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2:66656–66676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14685-w
Udi J, Bekun FV, Adedoyin FF (2020) Modeling the nexus between coal consumption, FDI inflow and economic expansion: does industrialization matter in South Africa? Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:10553–10564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07691-x
Ulucak R, Apergis N (2018) Does convergence really matter for the environment? An application based on club convergence and on the ecological footprint concept for the EU countries. Environ Sci Policy 80:21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.002
uz Zaman Q, Wang Z, Zaman S, Rasool SF (2021) Investigating the nexus between education expenditure, female employers, renewable energy consumption and CO2 emission: evidence from China. J Clean Prod 312:127824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127824
Wang S, Wang J, Li S, Fang C, Feng K (2019) Socioeconomic driving forces and scenario simulation of CO2 emissions for a fast-developing region in China. J Clean Prod 216:217–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.143
Weimin Z, Chishti MZ, Rehman A, Ahmad M (2021) A pathway toward future sustainability: assessing the influence of innovation shocks on CO2 emissions in developing economies. Environ Dev Sustain 24:4786–4809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01634-3
WEO I (2017) Special report: energy access outlook. IEA WEO: Paris, France. https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/resource_docs/weo2017specialreport_energyaccessoutlook.pdf. Accessed 13 December 2021
Xiaosan Z, Jiang Q, Khattak SI, Ahmad M, Rahman ZU (2021) Achieving sustainability and energy efficiency goals: assessing the impact of hydroelectric and renewable electricity generation on carbon dioxide emission in China. Energy Policy 155:112332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112332
Xin D, Ahmad M, Lei H, Khattak SI (2021) Do innovation in environmental-related technologies asymmetrically affect carbon dioxide emissions in the United States? Technol Soc 67:101761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101761
You C, Khattak SI, Ahmad M (2022a). Do international collaborations in environmental-related technology development in the US pay off in combating carbon dioxide emissions? Role of domestic environmental innovation, renewable energy consumption, and trade openness. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(2022a):19693–19713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17146-6
You C, Khattak SI, Ahmad M (2022b) Impact of innovation in renewable energy generation, transmission, or distribution-related technologies on carbon dioxide emission in the USA. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:29756–29777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17938-w
Zafar MW, Zaidi SAH, Khan NR, Mirza FM, Hou F, Kirmani SAA (2019) The impact of natural resources, human capital, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint: the case of the United States. Resour Policy 63:101428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101428
Zhou C, Wang S, Feng K (2018) Examining the socioeconomic determinants of CO2 emissions in China: a historical and prospective analysis. Resour Conserv Recycl 130:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.11.007
Zhou Y, Hejazi M, Smith S, Edmonds J, Li H, Clarke L, Calvin K, Thomson A (2015) A comprehensive view of global potential for hydro-generated electricity. Energy Environ Sci 8:2622–2633. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE00888C
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Isege Z. Mihayo conceptualized the idea, worked on the “Introduction,” and contributed in the analysis of the data. Godlisten G. Kombe revised the “Introduction,” reviewed the necessary literature, and provided the policy recommendations and conclusions for the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Roula Inglesi-Lotz
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mihayo, I.Z., Kombe, G.G. Do renewable energies contribute to enhancing environmental quality in Eastern Africa?. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 89093–89107 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22002-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22002-2