Abstract
The paper analyzes PM2.5 aerosol samples collected in Podkowa Leśna, a garden town in Mazovia, Central Poland, for 15 days in winter 2019. We determined the mass concentrations in the air of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound organic carbon, elemental carbon, levoglucosan, and nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PM2.5 ranged from 11 to 51 μg m−3 (mean 31 μg m−3) and contained less than 32% organic carbon, 4% elemental carbon, 1% levoglucosan, and 0.12% total PAHs. The analysis based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated two sources of PM2.5 of similar strength — burning vehicle fuels and biomass burning for residential heating. Levoglucosan originated exclusively from biomass burning, while 90% of elemental carbon was from vehicle emissions. About 62% of organic carbon, 85% of benzo(a)anthracene and 55–65% of the remaining PAHs originated from biomass burning. Compared to many worldwide locations, PM2.5, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and levoglucosan in Podkowa were among the lowest. The benzo(a)pyrene concentrations were the highest, while other PAHs were intermediate. However, the mass fractions of PAHs in Podkowa PM2.5 were the highest among the four locations available for comparison. That may indicate the low quality of fuel-burning processes. PAH-related inhalation cancer risk based on PAH carcinogenic potency in Podkowa appeared marginal. This work aims to induce local administrative actions to improve air quality in garden towns.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Municipal Office and Mayor Artur Tusiński of Podkowa Leśna for operational and financial support for the campaign. We thank Zdzisław Prządka and Jakub Bratkowski for their help with sampler transport and installation.
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This work received financial support from the Municipal Office of Podkowa Leśna. Kumar Sarang received funding for the scientific work from the European Commission Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreements number 711859, and from the financial resources for science in the years 2017–2021 awarded by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the implementation of an international cofinanced project.
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KJR: investigation, data curation, writing—original draft preparation. RS: investigation, writing—review and editing, supervision. KSa: investigation, data curation. KN: investigation, writing—editing. MA: investigation. KSk: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, supervision. EŻ-Z: investigation, data curation.
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Rudziński, K.J., Sarang, K., Nestorowicz, K. et al. Winter sources of PM2.5 pollution in Podkowa Leśna, a Central-European garden town (Mazovia, Poland). Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 84504–84520 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21673-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21673-1