Abstract
Urban agglomeration will be the main mode of future urbanization in China, greatly influencing social and economic development and ecosystem protection at the whole city cluster scale. It is important to analyze the impacts of large-scale, scattered land use and cover change (LUCC) consisting of one-pole-multi-point urbanization in city clusters on regional ecosystem services (ESs), so as to increase ecological security and maintain ES levels. Using the urban–rural gradient analysis method (UGAM), this study examined driver-response mechanisms of large-scale, scattered agglomeration urbanization on ESs along an urban–rural gradient and at a regional scale. This was done by simulating and analyzing tempo-spatial variations in ES characteristics along concentric ring gradients in the Central Yunnan City Cluster (CYCC) under its present urbanization path. The results showed that rapid urban sprawl is the main driver affecting the integral value of ESs in CYCC and that ES trade-offs (through LUCC caused by urbanization) between adjacent zones along the urban–rural gradient will particularly exacerbate the degradation of integral ES levels. Hence, CYCC should follow a sustainable, eco-friendly urbanization path and consider ecological principles and the impact of LUCC on regional ESs along the urban–rural gradient in top-level design and decision-making on urban planning and strategic land use management. Differentiated regional development policies should be formulated for each area, the urban–rural development pattern and layout optimized, the scale of construction land rationally controlled, and the overall efficiency of land use improved. Ecological buffers should be set up around areas with sharp and obvious changes in land use, to alleviate the negative impact of large-scale, decentralized city cluster urbanization on regional ESs.
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Data availability
The DEM and land use data (spatial resolution 30 m, overall accuracy 92.27%) were acquired from the Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.resdc.cn/). Other relevant parametric and spatial data (5 physical geographic factors and 5 economic and social factors) used are shown in the table below. And Table S3 and S6 were also included in the Supplementary Information submitted before.
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This study was supported by the West Light Talent Program (Grant No. Y9XB011B01) and Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. ZDBSLY-7011); J.M.A. was supported by the Qatar Petroleum.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Ruibo Wang: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, writing—original draft, and validation. Yang Bai: Conceptualization, methodology, resources, project administration, funding acquisition, and supervision. Juha M. Alatalo: Writing—review, editing, and validation. Guimei Guo: Investigation and validation. Zhangqian Yang: Conceptualization, validation, and visualization. Zongbao Yang: Visualization and validation. Wei Yang: Investigation and validation. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Wang, R., Bai, Y., Alatalo, J.M. et al. Impacts of urbanization at city cluster scale on ecosystem services along an urban–rural gradient: a case study of Central Yunnan City Cluster, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 88852–88865 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21626-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21626-8