Abstract
Tunnels are widely used in high-grade roads, particularly in mountainous areas; however, tunnel fires often result in severe economic losses and casualties. The fire effluents produced from asphalt pavement have attracted significant research attention. The main objective of this study is to assimilate information on various aspects of bituminous mixture emissions during fires. In this study, the fume emissions of bitumen and bituminous mixtures during combustion are comprehensively reviewed and summarized. First, the test methods for fire effluents produced by bitumen and bituminous mixtures after combustion are summarized. Second, the factors influencing the fume concentration and composition are determined. In addition, different methods to reduce the emission of fire effluents are compared, particularly for the suppression of toxic gas emissions. Then, reasonable suggestions are proposed to reduce the damage caused by hazardous gases to humans and the environment. This review is beneficial for comprehensively understanding the fume emission behaviour and future research on the smoke suppression of highway tunnel asphalt pavements during fires.
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Data is note applicable in this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Abbreviations
- 2D:
-
Two-dimensional
- AL:
-
Asphalt added with LDHs
- APP:
-
Ammonium polyphosphate
- ATH:
-
Alumina trihydrate
- BA:
-
Base asphalt binder
- BSG:
-
Bulk specific gravity
- CH:
-
Calcium hydroxide
- C/H:
-
Carbon to hydrogen
- Ca(OH)2 :
-
Calcium hydroxide
- CaCO3, CC:
-
Calcium carbonate
- CAHC:
-
Ca-Al hydrotalcite
- COR:
-
Carbon monoxide ratio
- COY:
-
Carbon monoxide yield
- CRP:
-
Coated red phosphorus
- DSC:
-
Differential scanning calorimetry
- DTG:
-
Derivative thermogravimetry
- EG:
-
Expandable graphite
- EV:
-
Expanded vermiculite
- FR:
-
Flame retardant
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- GC:
-
Gas chromatography
- GM:
-
Grouted macadam
- G-S curve:
-
Gram-Schmidt curve
- HL:
-
Hydrated lime
- HMA:
-
Hot mix asphalt
- LDHs:
-
Layered double hydroxides
- LS:
-
Limestone modified binder;
- m/z:
-
Mass-to-charge ratio
- MH:
-
Magnesium hydroxide
- MRP:
-
Microencapsulated red phosphorus
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry
- MSD:
-
Maximum smoke density
- NA:
-
Not applicable
- OGFC:
-
Open graded macrospore
- OMMT:
-
Organic modified montmorillonite
- PAH:
-
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
- PCC:
-
Portland cement concrete
- PRSR:
-
Peak of RSR
- Py-GC-MS:
-
Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometer
- RSR:
-
Rate of smoke release
- SARA:
-
Saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes
- SBS:
-
Styrene–butadiene–styrene
- SDM:
-
Smoke density method
- SDR:
-
Smoke density rating
- SEA:
-
Specific extinction area
- SPR:
-
Smoke production rate
- TG:
-
Thermogravimetric
- TIC:
-
Total ion chromatogram
- TMSG:
-
Theoretical maximum specific gravity
- TSP:
-
Total smoke production
- TSR:
-
Total smoke release
- VOC:
-
Volatile organic compound
- WMA:
-
Warm-mix asphalt
- C = O:
-
Carbonyl groups
- − CH2 − :
-
Methylene
- − CH3 :
-
Methyl
- CH4 :
-
Methane
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- − COOH:
-
Carboxyl
- O2 :
-
Oxygen
- − O − CH3:
-
Methoxyl
- R − CH = CH2:
-
Ethylene
- S = O:
-
Sulfur = oxygen
- SO2 :
-
Sulfur dioxide
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Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Xiaolong Yang for his help in writing. Besides, we would like to thank ESPR Editor-in-Chief Philippe Garrigues, editorial assistant Carmina Joy Cayago, and nice anonymous reviewers.
Funding
This article was funded by the science and technology project of transportation department of Jilin province (Grant No. 2018–1-18) and the science and technology project of the Shaanxi transportation department (Grant No. 21-47 K).
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Wenzhen Wang is responsible for organizing the progress of the paper, final revision, and finalization. Aiqin Shen is responsible for guiding the topic selection, research methods, and comprehensive management of the structure and content of the article. Lusheng Wang is responsible for data collection and analysis and part of the manuscript writing. Hongchang Liu is responsible for part of data collection, the article writing, and structure the content of article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Wang, W., Shen, A., Wang, L. et al. Measurements, emission characteristics, and control methods of fire effluents generated from tunnel asphalt pavement during fire: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 64267–64297 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21512-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21512-3