Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the main vector of yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika, and dengue worldwide and is managed by using chemical insecticides. Though effective, their indiscriminate use brings in associated problems on safety to non-target and the environment. This supports the use of plant-based essential oil (EO) formulations as they are safe to use with limited effect on non-target organisms. Quick volatility and degradation of EO are a hurdle in its use; the present study attempts to develop nanoemulsions (NE) of Trachyspermum ammi EO and its constituent thymol using Tween 80 as surfactant by ultrasonication method. The NE of EO had droplet size ranging from 65 ± 0.7 to 83 ± 0.09 nm and a poly dispersity index (PDI) value of 0.18 ± 0.003 to 0.20 ± 0.07 from 1 to 60 days of storage. The NE of thymol showed a droplet size ranging from 167 ± 1 to 230 ± 1 nm and PDI value of 0.30 ± 0.03 to 0.40 ± 0.008 from 1 to 60 days of storage. The droplet shape of both NEs appeared spherical under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The larvicidal effect of NEs of EO and thymol was better than BEs (Bulk emulsion) of EO and thymol against Ae. aegypti. Among the NEs, thymol (LC50 34.89 ppm) had better larvicidal action than EO (LC50 46.73 ppm). Exposure to NEs of EO and thymol causes the shrinkage of the larval cuticle and inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in Ae. aegypti. Our findings show the enhanced effect of NEs over BEs which facilitate its use as an alternative control measure for Ae. aegypti.
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Acknowledgements
The work was supported by ICAR–NBAIR as an institutionally funded project. Imaging services were provided by Dr Geetha; NICE Lab NCBS is acknowledged
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Kesavan Subaharan: conceptualization, writing — original draft, and data curation. Periyasamy Senthamarai Selvan, Tania Das, and Rajendran Senthoorraja: investigation. T. M. Subramanya: investigation, Sowmya Manjunath: investigation on biochemical aspects. Muthu Gounder Mohan: resources. Vppalayam Shanmugam Pragadheesh: investigation and validation. Nandagopal Bakthavatsalam: writing — review and editing. M. Eswaramoorthy: writing — review and editing, and supervision. Paulraj Philip Samueland Renu Govindaraju: resources. Sreehari U: writing — review and editing. Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan: writing — original draft and editing.
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Subaharan, K., Senthamarai Selvan, P., Subramanya, T.M. et al. Ultrasound-assisted nanoemulsion of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil and its constituent thymol on toxicity and biochemical aspect of Aedes aegypti. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 71326–71337 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20870-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20870-2