Abstract
This paper discussed the possibility of replacing the internal combustion engine of the series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) powered by gasoline A and Brazilian gasoline in single-fuel mode by one fuelled with 50% bioethanol and 50% biogas in dual-fuel mode. The simulation of the combustion of the fuels selected, such as bioethanol, biogas and gasoline A, was carried out through GASEQ software to calculate the energy-ecological efficiency of the single-fuel and dual-fuel modes. The well-to-pump (WTP) emissions of the bioethanol and biogas production from sugarcane were evaluated through GREET software. The tank-to-wheel (TTW) emissions were determined to each series PHEV operating modes. Thus, the well-to-wheel (WTW) emissions were calculated through the sum of the WTP, TTW and electricity mix emissions. According to the results, the energy-ecological efficiency for the dual-fuel mode was 10.7% and 24.1% higher than that found for the single-fuel mode powered by gasoline and Brazilian gasoline, respectively. The analysis showed that the losses during the biogas production aggravate linearly the WTP emissions, and consequently, the WTW emissions of the series PHEV. Besides that, the dual-fuel mode presented 15.5% and 12.8 less TTW emissions than the single-fuel mode powered by gasoline A and Brazilian gasoline, respectively. Compared to the emission standards, the dual-fuel mode presented TTW emissions 30.5% higher than the European Union emission standard by 2021. Although the dual-fuel mode does not meet any of the emission standards, this engine mode can be an alternative to at least reduce the tailpipe emissions.
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Abbreviations
- %Losses:
-
percentage of losses during the biogas production process
- 1.4-DCB:
-
1.4-dichlorobenzene substance to calculate the human toxicity
- BTEdual-fuel :
-
brake thermal efficiency of dual-fuel mode
- c, K, n:
-
constants (Eq. 16)
- C2H5 :
-
ethyl radical
- C8H18 :
-
gasoline
- Cbat :
-
battery capacity, in Wh
- CH4 :
-
methane
- CO2 :
-
carbon dioxide
- CO2 eq :
-
equivalent carbon dioxide
- Ɛ dual-fuel :
-
energy-ecological efficiency of the dual-fuel mode
- E consump :
-
energy consumption needed by the ICE of the Chevrolet Volt, in MJ/km
- EEconsump :
-
electrical energy consumption of the series PHEV Chevrolet Volt, in kWh/km
- E electricity mix :
-
electricity mix emissions, in gCO2 eq/km
- f 1.4-DCB eq :
-
1.4-dichlorobenzene emission factor, in kg 1.4-DCBeq/kgfuel
- FCbioethanol :
-
vehicle bioethanol consumption, in l/km
- FCbiogas :
-
vehicle biogas consumption, in l/km
- FCBR gasol :
-
vehicle Brazilian gasoline consumption, in l/km
- FCfuel :
-
vehicle fuel consumption, in l/km
- FCgasoline A :
-
vehicle gasoline A consumption, in l/km
- f CO2 eq :
-
equivalent carbon dioxide emission factor, in kgCO2 eq/kgfuel
- f CO2 eq bioethanol :
-
equivalent carbon dioxide emission factor of the bioethanol production, in kgCO2 eq/m3 bioethanol
- f CO2 eq fuel :
-
equivalent carbon dioxide emission factor resulted from the fuel combustion, in kgCO2 eq/kgfuel
- f CO2 eq trans biogas :
-
equivalent carbon dioxide emission factor of the biogas transportation, in kgCO2 eq/m3 biogas
- f CO2 eq prod biogas :
-
equivalent carbon dioxide emission factor of the biogas production, in kgCO2 eq/m3 biogas
- f specie :
-
emission factor of each species resulting from the combustion of the mixture, in kgspecie/kgfuel
- LHVbioethanol :
-
low heating value of bioethanol, in kJ/kg
- LHVbiogas :
-
low heating value of biogas, in kJ/kg
- LHVgasoline A :
-
low heating value of gasoline A, in kJ/kg
- \({\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{bioethanol}}\) :
-
bioethanol mass flow, in kg/s
- \({\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{biogas}}\) :
-
biogas mass flow, in kg/s
- N2 :
-
nitrogen
- N2O:
-
dinitrogen monoxide
- NOx :
-
nitrogen oxide
- O2 :
-
oxygen
- OH:
-
hydroxyl
- P :
-
vehicle power, in kW
- P charger :
-
charger power, in W
- P ICE :
-
internal combustion engine power, in W
- P trans,ERM-1M :
-
ERM-1M transmission power, in W
- P trans,ERM-2M :
-
ERM-2M transmission power, in W
- P trans,EVM-1M :
-
EVM-1M transmission power, in W
- P trans,EVM-2M :
-
EVM-2M transmission power, in W
- P bat :
-
battery power, in W
- P gen :
-
generator power, in W
- PM:
-
particulate material
- R bat :
-
battery range, in km
- S av :
-
average speed, in km/h
- SOx :
-
sulphur oxide
- TTWBR gasol :
-
tank-to-wheel emissions of the Brazilian gasoline, in gCO2 eq/km
- TTWD :
-
tank-to-wheel emissions of the dual-fuel spark-ignition engine, in gCO2 eq/km
- TTWS :
-
tank-to-wheel emissions of the single-fuel spark-ignition engine, in gCO2 eq/km
- WTPbioethanol :
-
well-to-pump emissions related to the sugarcane bioethanol production, in gCO2 eq/km
- WTPbiogas :
-
well-to-pump emissions related to the vinasse biogas production, in gCO2 eq/km
- y :
-
proportion of bioethanol in the dual-fuel mode.
- z :
-
proportion of biogas in the mixture of the dual-fuel mode
- Ɛ :
-
energy-ecological efficiency
- η bat :
-
battery efficiency
- η gen :
-
generator efficiency
- η EM :
-
electric motor efficiency
- η ERM-1M :
-
ERM-1M energy efficiency
- η ERM-2M :
-
ERM-2M energy efficiency
- η EVM-1M :
-
EVM-1M energy efficiency
- η EVM-2M :
-
EVM-2M energy efficiency
- η trans :
-
transmission efficiency
- Π:
-
pollution indicator, in kgeq pollutant/MJfuel
- ΠGW :
-
pollution indicator that contributes to global warming, in kgeq pollutant/MJfuel
- ΠHT :
-
pollution indicator that contributes to human toxicity, in kg1.4-DCB eq/kgfuel
- ρ bioethanol :
-
bioethanol density, in kg/m3
- ρ biogas :
-
biogas density, in kg/m3
- ρ gasoline A :
-
gasoline A density, in kg/m3
- ϕ:
-
equivalent stoichiometry
- BEV:
-
battery electric vehicle
- CD:
-
charge-depleting
- CS:
-
charge-sustaining
- DFSIE:
-
dual-fuel spark-ignition engine
- EM:
-
electric motor
- ERM-1M:
-
extended-range mode operating with 1 motor
- ERM-2M:
-
extended-range mode operating with 2 motors
- EU:
-
European Union
- EV:
-
electric vehicle
- EVM-1M:
-
electric vehicle mode operating with 1 motor
- EVM-2M:
-
electric vehicle mode operating with 2 motors
- G2V:
-
grid-to-vehicle
- GHG:
-
greenhouse gas
- ICE:
-
internal combustion engine
- ICEV:
-
internal combustion engine vehicle
- Li-ion:
-
lithium-ion
- PHEV:
-
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
- SFSIE:
-
single-fuel spark-ignition engine
- TTW:
-
tank-to-wheel
- USA:
-
United States of America
- V2G:
-
vehicle-to-grid
- WTP:
-
well-to-pump
- WTW:
-
well-to-wheel
- WOT:
-
wide-open throttle
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Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful for the financial support provided by the Iberoamerican Program of Science and Technology for Development (CYTED) with the project Smart Cities Totally Comprehensive, Efficient and Sustainable (CITIES) [518RT0557]; the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) with the project, title in Portuguese “Misturas Biogás-Biodiesel utilizadas em sistemas de injeção dual-fuel dos Motores de Combustão Interna a Compressão” [406789/2018-5] and was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.
Funding
The Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), Finance Code: 001 and the Iberoamerican Program of Science and Technology for Development (CYTED) with the project Smart Cities Totally Comprehensive, Efficient and Sustainable (CITIES). Code: 518RT0557. The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) with the project, title in Portuguese “Misturas Biogás-Biodiesel utilizadas em sistemas de injeção dual-fuel dos Motores de Combustão Interna a Compressão” [406789/2018-5].
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LOS: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing — original draft and visualization
DRdM: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing — original draft and visualization
RAMB and LH-C: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, supervision and project administration
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Soares, L.O., de Moraes, D.R., Hernández-Callejo, L. et al. Energy-ecological efficiency of dual-fuel series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle considering WTW emissions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 74346–74364 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20864-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20864-0