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Hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater quality of over-exploited Dupi Tila aquifer in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

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Abstract

Dhaka is one of the highly populated cities in the world. Increased urbanization and population growth in Dhaka are mostly dependent on groundwater, with 78% of the supply water coming from the Plio-Pleistocene Dupi Tila aquifer. This research was conducted with the objectives of identifying ion chemistry, hydrochemical processes and their relationship to groundwater quality and finding out the impact of over-exploitation on Dupi Tila aquifer. Three consecutive semi-confined aquifers have been delineated up to the explored depth: the Upper Dupi Tila aquifer (UDA), Middle Dupi Tila aquifer (MDA) and Lower Dupi Tila aquifer (LDA). Hydrogeochemical processes and water quality have been inferred from bivariate plots, correlation of major ions, piper plot and stable isotopes analysis. The total dissolved solids show an increasing downwards trend from an average of 267 mg/l in UDA to an average of 284 mg/l in LDA. Waters in all three aquifers as well as surface water (SW) are mainly of Ca/Mg-HCO3 type. The weathering of aluminosilicates controls the concentration of the major ions. Even though there is a significant decline in piezometric level both in UDA (> –85 m Public Works Department reference datum (PWD)) and MDA (> –65 m PWD), there is no evidence of groundwater recharge through direct infiltration from the river. The stable isotopes indicate most of the UDA, MDA and LDA waters are mainly from local precipitation. Increasingly enriched mean values for stable isotopes for the subsequent aquifers UDA, MDA and LDA, as well as increasing PCO2 for UDA < MDA < LDA, indicate increasingly warmer recharge conditions. The overall groundwater quality in the aquifers is good. At present, we have no indication that groundwater exploitation has altered groundwater quality of the Dupi Tila aquifer. Therefore, it is of vital importance to regularly monitor water quality for the purposes in order to timely detect any potential water quality alteration that could be aggravated by the vast decline in piezometric level, in view of the long-term sustainable development of the groundwater resources of this city.

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Acknowledgements

The first author (MI) is grateful to the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) for funding this research. The authors extend special thanks to Isotope Hydrology Division, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) for logistic support and cooperation during the field campaign. Special thanks to Jill Van Reybrouck, Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Ghent University, for analysing water samples. The authors wish to thank the private well owners and DWASA authority for providing access to their wells for water sampling. The authors extend special thanks to the authority of BWDB and DWASA for providing access to the data used. We thankfully acknowledge the cooperation of Nasir Ahmed, Member, BAEC, and Dr. Ratan Kumar Majumder, Chief Geologist and Head, Isotope Hydrology Division, BAEC. The authors would like to thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions in improving the quality of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) (grant number: 600032960 & REF 36 ʃ 114015).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Mazeda Islam, Marc Van Camp, Md. Mizanur Rahman Sarker & Kristine Walraevens

  2. Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mazeda Islam, Delwar Hossain & Md. Mizanur Rahman Sarker

  3. Isotope Hydrology Division, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Md. Abdul Quaiyum Bhuiyan & Md. Masud Karim

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  1. Mazeda Islam
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Contributions

Mazeda Islam: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data analysis and writing the original draft. Marc Van Camp: software and data analysis. Delwar Hossain: writing-reviewing and editing. Mizanur Rahman Sarker: investigation, formal analysis, visualization and editing. Abdul Quaiyum Bhuyan: investigation, chemical analysis. Masud Karim: investigation. Kristine Walraevens: conceptualization, writing, reviewing, editing and supervision.

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Islam, M., Van Camp, M., Hossain, D. et al. Hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater quality of over-exploited Dupi Tila aquifer in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 74458–74479 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20838-2

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