Abstract
Diabetes is a global health concern that has affected almost 415 million people globally. Bromocriptine is a dopamine D2 agonist, which is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, it is considered that a novel treatment therapy is required which can be used in the treatment of diabetes with or without other antidiabetic agents. Dopamine agonists are usually used in neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease (PD), restless leg syndrome, and hyperprolactinemia. However, dopamine agonists including bromocriptine and cabergoline are also effective in reducing the glycemic level in T2DM patients. Bromocriptine was formerly used for the treatment of PD, hyperprolactinemia, and restless leg syndrome, but now it is used for improving glycemic levels as well as reducing free fatty acids and triglycerides. In addition, cabergoline has been found to be effective in glycemic control, but this drug is yet to be approved by the FDA due to its limitations and lack of study. Findings of the clinical trials of bromocriptine have suggested that it reduces almost 0.4–0.8% glycated hemoglobin and cardiovascular risk by 40% in insulin-resistant patients. Moreover, the safe use of bromocriptine in obese T2DM patients makes it a more attractive option as it causes weight loss. Indeed, bromocriptine is a novel therapy for T2DM patients, as its mechanism of action is unique in T2DM patients with minimal adverse effects. This review summarizes the potential of dopamine agonists in the treatment of T2DM.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Akter R, Chowdhury MAR, & Habib Ur Rahman M (2020) Flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds as potential talented agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease with their antioxidant activities. Curr Pharm Des
Akter R, Rahman H, Behl T, Chowdhury MAR, Manirujjaman M, Bulbul IJ, Elshenaw SE, Tit DM, & Bungau S (2021) Prospective role of polyphenolic compounds in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527320666210218084444
Al-Lawati JA (2017) Diabetes mellitus: a local and global public health emergency! Oman Med J 32(3):177–179. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2017.34
Aminorroaya A, Janghorbani M, Ramezani M, Haghighi S, Amini M (2004) Does bromocriptine improve glycemic control of obese type-2 diabetics? Horm Res 62(2):55–59. https://doi.org/10.1159/000078932
Arya A, Chahal R, Nanda A, Kaushik D, Bin-Jumah M, Rahman MH, Abdel-Daim MM, & Mittal V (2021) Statistically designed extraction of herbs using ultrasound waves: a review. Curr Pharm Des 27(34). https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612827666210222114441
Aslanoglou D, Bertera S, Sánchez-Soto M, Benjamin Free R, Lee J, Zong W, Xue X, Shrestha S, Brissova M, Logan RW, Wollheim CB, Trucco M, Yechoor VK, Sibley DR, Bottino R, Freyberg Z (2021) Dopamine regulates pancreatic glucagon and insulin secretion via adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. Transl Psychiatry 11(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01171-z
Assad HC, Mosah HA, Hashim HM, & Khazaal FA (2014) Effect of cabergoline added to metformin on glycemic control, insulin resistance and beta cell function in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc, 14.
Association AD (2009) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 32(Suppl 1):S62. https://doi.org/10.2337/DC09-S062
Bahar A, Kashi Z, Daneshpour E, Akha O, & Ala S (2016) Effects of cabergoline on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients: a double-blind controlled clinical trial. Medicine (United States), 95(40). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004818
Bellou V, Belbasis L, Tzoulaki I, & Evangelou E (2018) Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: an exposure-wide umbrella review of meta-analyses. In PLoS One. Public Library of Science. 13 3 e0194127https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194127
Ben-Jonathan N, Hugo ER, Brandebourg TD, & LaPensee CR (2006) Focus on prolactin as a metabolic hormone. In Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 17 3 110–116https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2006.02.005
Berke EM, Koepsell TD, Moudon AV, Hoskins RE, Larson EB (2007) Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older persons. Am J Public Health 97(3):486–492. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.085837
Bhatia A, Lenchner JR, & Saadabadi A (2021) Biochemistry, dopamine receptors. StatPearls
Bhattacharya T, Dey PS, Akter R, Kabir T, Rahman H, & Rauf A (2021) Effect of natural leaf extracts as phytomedicine in curing geriatrics. Exp Gerontol 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111352
Bi Y, Wang T, Xu M, Xu Y, Li M, Lu J, Zhu X, Ning G (2012) Advanced research on risk factors of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 28(SUPPL,2):32–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2352
Black JL, & Macinko J (2008) Neighborhoods and obesity. In Nutrition Reviews. Nutr Rev 66 1 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.00001.x
Bloomgarden Z, & Guang N (2010) Hypertension in patients with diabetes: questions. In Journal of Diabetes. J Diabetes 2 3 128–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00083.x
Booth KM, Pinkston MM, Poston WSC (2005) Obesity and the built environment. J Am Diet Assoc 105(5 SUPPL.):110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2005.02.045
Borelli MI, & Gagliardino JJ (2001) Possible modulatory effect of endogenous islet catecholamines on insulin secretion. BMC Endocr Disord 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-1-1
Borelli MI, Rubio M, García ME, Flores LE, & Gagliardino JJ (2003) Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the endocrine pancreas: changes induced by short-term dietary manipulation. BMC Endocr Disord 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-3-2
Boundy VA, Cincotta AH (2000) Hypothalamic adrenergic receptor changes in the metabolic syndrome of genetically obese ( ob / ob ) mice. Am J Physiol-Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279(2):R505–R514. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.2.R505
Brooks DJ (2000) Dopamine agonists: their role in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. BMJ Publishing Group 68 6 685–689. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.68.6.685
Callier S, Snapyan M, Le Crom S, Prou D, Vincent JD, & Vernier P (2003) Evolution and cell biology of dopamine receptors in vertebrates. In Biology of the Cell. Biol Cell 95 7 489–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0248-4900(03)00089-3
Cantley J, & Ashcroft FM (2015) Q&A: insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes: why do β-cells fail?. BMC Biology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12915-015-0140-6
Chan JCN, Malik V, Jia W, Kadowaki T, Yajnik CS, Yoon KH, & Hu FB (2009) Diabetes in Asia: epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology. In JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. JAMA 301 20 2129–2140. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.726
Chatterjee S, Khunti K, Davies MJ (2017) Type 2 diabetes. The Lancet 389(10085):2239–2251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2
Chen C, Cohrs CM, Stertmann J, Bozsak R, Speier S (2017) Human beta cell mass and function in diabetes: recent advances in knowledge and technologies to understand disease pathogenesis. Mol Metab 6(9):943–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLMET.2017.06.019
Chen Y, Huang Y, Li X, Xu M, Bi Y, Zhang Y, Gu W, Ning G (2009) Association of arterial stiffness with HbA1c in 1,000 type 2 diabetic patients with or without hypertension. Endocrine 36(2):262–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-009-9221-z
Chio CL, Drong RF, Riley DT, Gill GS, Slightom JL, Huff RM (1994a) D4 dopamine receptor-mediated signaling events determined in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 269(16):11813–11819. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32645-5
Chio CL, Lajiness ME, Huff RM (1994b) Activation of heterologously expressed D3 dopamine receptors: comparison with D2 dopamine receptors. Mol Pharmacol 45(1):51–60
Choi J, Choi JY, Lee SA, Lee KM, Shin A, Oh J, Park J, Song M, Yang JJ, Lee JK, Kang D (2019) Association between family history of diabetes and clusters of adherence to healthy behaviors: cross-sectional results from the Health Examinees-Gem (HEXA-G) study. BMJ Open 9(6):e025477. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJOPEN-2018-025477
Cincotta AH, Luo S, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Bina KG, Jetton TL, Scislowski PWD (2000) Chronic infusion of norepinephrine into the VMH of normal rats induces the obese glucose-intolerant state. Am J Physiol-Reg Integr Comp Physiol 278(2):R435–R444. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.2.R435
Cincotta AH, MacEachern TA, Meier AH (1993a) Bromocriptine redirects metabolism and prevents seasonal onset of obese hyperinsulinemic state in Syrian hamsters. Am J Physiol-Endocr Metab 264(2):27–32. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.2.e285
Cincotta AH, Meier AH (1996) Bromocriptine (Ergoset) reduces body weight and improves glucose tolerance in obese subjects. Diabetes Care 19(6):667–670. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.19.6.667
Cincotta AH, Meier AH, Cincotta MJ (1999) Bromocriptine improves glycaemic control and serum lipid profile in obese Type 2 diabetic subjects: a new approach in the treatment of diabetes In Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 8(10):1683–1707. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.8.10.1683
Cincotta AH, Schiller BC, Landry RJ, Herbert SJ, Miers WR, Meier AH (1993b) Circadian neuroendocrine role in age-related changes in body fat stores and insulin sensitivity of the Male sprague-dawley rat. Chronobiol Int 10(4):244–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420529309059707
Civelli O, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK (1993) Molecular diversity of the dopamine receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 33(1):281–307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.33.040193.001433
Clausius N, Born C, & Grunze H (2009) Die bedeutung von dopaminagonisten in der behandlung der depression. In Neuropsychiatrie. Neuropsychiatr 23 1 15–25. https://doi.org/10.5414/nepband23015
Cohen AI, Todd RD, Harmon S, O’Malley KL (1992) Photoreceptors of mouse retinas possess D4 receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(24):12093–12097. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.24.12093
Colao A, Di Sarno A, Guerra E, De Leo M, Mentone A, & Lombardi G (2006) Drug insight: cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia in men and women. In Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology and Metabolism. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2 4 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpendmet0160
Daly JM, Hartz AJ, Xu Y, Levy BT, James PA, Merchant ML, Garrett RE (2009) An assessment of attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Board Fam Med 22(2):280–290. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2009.03.080114
Daryabor G, Atashzar MR, Kabelitz D, Meri S, Kalantar K (2020) The effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on organ metabolism and the immune system. Front Immunol 11:1582. https://doi.org/10.3389/FIMMU.2020.01582/BIBTEX
Dearry A, Gingrich JA, Falardeau P, Fremeau RT, Bates MD, Caron MG (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of the gene for a human D1 dopamine receptor. Nature 347(6288):72–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/347072a0
Defronzo RA (2009) From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 58(4):773–795. https://doi.org/10.2337/db09-9028
DeFronzo RA (2011) Bromocriptine: a sympatholytic, D2-dopamine agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In Diabetes Care. American Diabetes Association 34 4789–794. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-0064
DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E (1991) Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14(3):173–194. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.14.3.173
Deshpande AD, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M (2008) Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Phys Ther 88(11):1254. https://doi.org/10.2522/PTJ.20080020
Dirir AM, Daou M, Yousef AF, & Yousef LF (2021) A review of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from plants as potential candidates for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Phytochem Rev 2021, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11101-021-09773-1
Durant S, Coulaud J, Homo-Delarche F (2007) Bromocriptine-induced hyperglycemia in nonobese diabetic mice: kinetics and mechanisms of action. Rev Diabet Stud 4(3):185–194. https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2007.4.185
Fiory F, Perruolo G, Cimmino I, Cabaro S, Pignalosa FC, Miele C, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Oriente F (2019) The relevance of insulin action in the dopaminergic system. Front Neurosci 13:868. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNINS.2019.00868/BIBTEX
Foretz M, Guigas B, Bertrand L, Pollak M, Viollet B (2014) Metformin: from mechanisms of action to therapies. Cell Metab 20(6):953–966. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CMET.2014.09.018
Fousteri G, Ippolito E, Ahmed R, Hamad ARA (2017) Beta-cell specific autoantibodies: are they just an indicator of type 1 diabetes? Curr Diabetes Rev 13(3):322–329. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399812666160427104157
Fu Z, Gilbert ER, Liu D (2013) Regulation of insulin synthesis and secretion and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction in diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 9(1):25. https://doi.org/10.2174/15733998130104
Gallen I (2013) Type 1 diabetes: clinical management of the athlete. Type 1 Diabetes: Clinical Management of the Athlete, 383(9911), 1–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-754-9
Garber AJ, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Handelsman Y, Dagogo-Jack S (2013) The role of bromocriptine-QR in the management of type 2 diabetes expert panel recommendations. Endocr Pract 19(1):100–106. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP12325.OR
Garcia Barrado MJ, Iglesias Osma MC, Blanco EJ, Carretero Hernández M, Sánchez Robledo V, Catalano Iniesta L, Carrero S, Carretero J (2015) Dopamine modulates insulin release and is involved in the survival of rat pancreatic beta cells. PLoS ONE 10(4):e0123197. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123197
Gaziano JM, Cincotta AH, O’Connor CM, Ezrokhi M, Rutty D, Ma ZJ, Scranton RE (2010) Randomized clinical trial of quick-release bromocriptine among patients with type 2 diabetes on overall safety and cardiovascular outcomes. Diabetes Care 33(7):1503–1508. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-2009
Gerich JE (2000) Insulin resistance is not necessarily an essential component of type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(6):2113–2115. https://doi.org/10.1210/JCEM.85.6.6646
Ghosh A, Sengupta N, Sahana P, Giri D, Sengupta P, Das N (2014) Efficacy and safety of add on therapy of bromocriptine with metformin in Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized open labeled phase IV clinical trial. Indian J Pharmacol 46(1):24. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.125160
Gibson CD, Karmally W, Mcmahon DJ, Wardlaw SL, Korner J (2012) Randomized pilot study of cabergoline, a dopamine receptor agonist: effects on body weight and glucose tolerance in obese adults. Diabetes Obes Metab 14(4):335–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01534.x
Gingrich JA, & Caron MG (1993) Recent advances in the molecular biology of dopamine receptors. In Annual Review of Neuroscience. Annu Rev Neurosci. 16 299–231. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.001503
Gong L, Feng D, Wang T, Ren Y, Liu Y, Wang J (2020) Inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase: potential linkage for whole cereal foods on prevention of hyperglycemia. Food Sci Nutr 8(12):6320–6337. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1987
Govender P, Elmezughi K, Esterhuizen T, Paruk I, James Pirie F, & Ahmed Motala A (2018) Characteristics of subjects with diabetes mellitus diagnosed before 35 years of age presenting to a tertiary diabetes clinic in Durban, South Africa, from 2003 to 2016. 23(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/16089677.2017.1417779
Grandy DK, Marchionni MA, Makam H, Stofko RE, Alfano M, Frothingham L, Fischer JB, Burke-Howie KJ, Bunzow JR, Server AC, Civelli O (1989) Cloning of the cDNA and gene for a human D2 dopamine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86(24):9762–9766. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.24.9762
Gross B, Pawlak M, Lefebvre P, Staels B (2016) PPARs in obesity-induced T2DM, dyslipidaemia and NAFLD. Nat Rev Endocrinol 13(1):36–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.135
Gui MH, Qin GY, Ning G, Hong J, Li XY, Lü AK, Shen WF, Gao X (2009) The comparison of coronary angiographic profiles between diabetic and nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease in a Chinese population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 85(2):213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.05.010
Guillausseau PJ, Meas T, Virally M, Laloi-Michelin M, Médeau V, Kevorkian JP (2008) Abnormalities in insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab 34(SUPPL. 2):S43–S48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1262-3636(08)73394-9
Gupta A, Behl T, Aleya L, Rahman MH, Yadav HN, Pal G, Kaur I, & Arora S (2021) Role of UPP pathway in amelioration of diabetes-associated complications. In Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12781-5
Gupta V (2013) Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues: an overview. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 17(3):413. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.111625
Gurevich EV, Gainetdinov RR, Gurevich VV (2016) G protein-coupled receptor kinases as regulators of dopamine receptor functions. Pharmacol Res 111:1. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHRS.2016.05.010
Halimi S, Schweizer A, Minic B, Foley J, Dejager S (2008) Combination treatment in the management of type 2 diabetes: focus on vildagliptin and metformin as a single tablet. Vasc Health Risk Manag 4(3):481. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S2503
Haslam DW, James WPT (2005) Obesity. Lancet 366(9492):1197–1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1
Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS (1991) Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 325(3):147–152. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199107183250302
Holt RIG, Barnett AH, & Bailey CJ (2010) Bromocriptine: old drug, new formulation and new indication. In Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 12 12 1048–1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01304.x
Hossain P, Kawar B, El Nahas M (2007) Obesity and diabetes in the developing world — a growing challenge. N Engl J Med 356(3):213–215. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp068177
Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, Willett WC (2001) Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med 345(11):790–797. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa010492
Huang Y, Chen Y, Xu M, Gu W, Bi Y, Li X, Ning G (2010) Low-grade albuminuria is associated with carotid intima-media thickness in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(11):5122–5128. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0544
Ikeda H, Yonemochi N, Mikami R, Abe M, Kawamura M, Natsume R, Sakimura K, Waddington JL, Kamei J (2020) Central dopamine D2 receptors regulate plasma glucose levels in mice through autonomic nerves. Sci Rep 10(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79292-0
Ikemoto S (2007) Dopamine reward circuitry: two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex. Brain Res Rev 56(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BRAINRESREV.2007.05.004
Inzucchi SE (2002) Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes: scientific review. JAMA 287(3):360–372. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.287.3.360
Irons BK, Minze MG (2014) Drug treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients for whom metformin is contraindicated. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes: Targets and Therapy 7:15. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S38753
Jackson DM, & Westlind-Danielsson A (1994) Dopamine receptors: molecular biology, biochemistry and behavioural aspects. In Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther. 64 2 291–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(94)90041-8
Jackson ME, Moghaddam B (2001) Amygdala regulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine output is governed by the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 21(2):676. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-02-00676.2001
Jones AP, Pothos EN, Rada P, Olster DH, Hoebel BG (1995) Maternal hormonal manipulations in rats cause obesity and increase medial hypothalamic norepinephrine release in male offspring. Dev Brain Res 88(2):127–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(95)00078-R
Kabir MT, Tabassum N, Uddin MS, Aziz F, Behl T, Mathew B, Rahman MH, Akter R, Rauf A, & Aleya L (2021) Therapeutic potential of polyphenols in the management of diabetic neuropathy. Evid-Based Complement Alternat Med2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9940169
Kahn SE, Cooper ME, & Del Prato S (2014) Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future. In The Lancet. Lancet Publishing Group 383 9922 1068–1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62154-6
Kalra S, Kalra B, Agrawal N, Kumar S (2011) Dopamine: the forgotten felon in type 2 diabetes. Recent Pat Endocr, Metab Immune Drug Discovery 5(1):61–65. https://doi.org/10.2174/187221411794351842
Kamath V, Jones CN, Yip JC, Varasteh BB, Cincotta AH, Reaven GM, Chen YDI (1997) Effects of a quick-release form of bromocriptine (Ergoset) on fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, lipid, and lipoprotein concentrations in obese nondiabetic hyperinsulinemic women. Diabetes Care 20(11):1697–1701. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.20.11.1697
Kansra AR, Lakkunarajah S, Jay MS (2021) Childhood and adolescent obesity: a review. Front Pediatr 8:866. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPED.2020.581461/BIBTEX
Karthika C, Hari B, Rahman MH, Akter R, Najda A, Albadrani GM, Sayed AA, Akhtar MF, & Abdel-Daim MM (2021) Multiple strategies with the synergistic approach for addressing colorectal cancer. In Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111704
Kerr JL, Timpe EM, & Petkewicz KA (2010) Bromocriptine mesylate for glycemic management in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In Annals of Pharmacotherapy. Ann Pharmacother 44 11 1777–1785. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1P271
Kessler RM, Woodward ND, Riccardi P, Li R, Ansari MS, Anderson S, Dawant B, Zald D, Meltzer HY (2009) Dopamine D2 receptor levels in striatum, thalamus, substantia nigra, limbic regions, and cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Biol Psychiat 65(12):1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOPSYCH.2008.12.029
Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Kaabi JA (2020) Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes – global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health 10(1):107. https://doi.org/10.2991/JEGH.K.191028.001
Kim K-S, Oh H-J, Kim J-W, Lee Y-K, Kim S-K, Park S-W, Kim Y-L, Park W-K, Cho Y-W (2010) The clinical characteristics of the newly diagnosed early onset (< 40 years old) diabetes in outpatients’ clinic. Korean Diabetes J 34(2):119–125. https://doi.org/10.4093/KDJ.2010.34.2.119
Kitamura T, Kitamura Y, Kuroda S, Hino Y, Ando M, Kotani K, Konishi H, Matsuzaki H, Kikkawa U, Ogawa W, Kasuga M (1999) Insulin-induced phosphorylation and activation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3B by the serine-threonine kinase Akt. Mol Cell Biol 19(9):6286–6296. https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.19.9.6286
Klein MO, Battagello DS, Cardoso AR, Hauser DN, Bittencourt JC, Correa RG (2018) Dopamine: functions, signaling, and association with neurological diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 39(1):31–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10571-018-0632-3
Koch-Weser J, Parkes D (1979) Bromocriptine. N Engl J Med 301(16):873–878. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197910183011606
Koppes LLJ, Dekker JM, Hendriks HFJ, Bouter LM, & Heine RJ (2005) Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. In Diabetes Care. Diabetes Care 28 3 719–725. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.3.719
Kraszewski KZ, Cincotta AH (2000) Increased responsiveness of ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to norepinephrine in obese versus lean mice: relation to the metabolic syndrome. Int J Mol Med 5(4):349–355. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.5.4.349
Kvist-Reimer M, Sundler F, Ahrén B (2002) Effects of chemical sympathectomy by means of 6-hydroxydopamine on insulin secretion and islet morphology in alloxan-diabetic mice. Cell Tissue Res 307(2):203–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-001-0496-5
Kyrou I, Randeva HS, Tsigos C, Kaltsas G, & Weickert MO (2018) Clinical problems caused by obesity. Endotext
Lamos EM, Levitt DL, & Munir KM (2016) A review of dopamine agonist therapy in type 2 diabetes and effects on cardio-metabolic parameters. In Primary Care Diabetes. Elsevier Ltd. 10 1 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2015.10.008
Li M, Li X, Zhang H, Lu Y (2018) Molecular mechanisms of metformin for diabetes and cancer treatment. Front Physiol 9:1039. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHYS.2018.01039/BIBTEX
Lin MV, Bishop G, Benito-Herrero M (2010) Diabetic ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetics: a novel presentation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Gen Intern Med 25(4):369. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11606-009-1237-9
Liu YP, Zhan WW, Zhang YF, Chen YH, Lin YY, Zhu Y, Ren XP, Li XY, Ning G (2007) Carotid intima-media thickness and stiffness in relation to type 2 diabetes in Chinese. Endocrine 31(3):289–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-007-0035-6
Lopez Vicchi F, Luque GM, Brie B, Nogueira JP, Garcia Tornadu I, & Becu-Villalobos D (2016) Dopaminergic drugs in type 2 diabetes and glucose homeostasis. In Pharmacological Research. Academic Press. 109 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.029
Luo S, Liang Y, Cincotta AH (1999a) Intracerebroventricular administration of bromocriptine ameliorates the insulin-resistant/glucose-intolerant state in hamsters. Neuroendocrinology 69(3):160–166. https://doi.org/10.1159/000054415
Luo S, Luo J, Cincotta AH (1999b) Chronic ventromedial hypothalamic infusion of norepinephrine and serotonin promotes insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Neuroendocrinology 70(6):460–465. https://doi.org/10.1159/000054508
Luo S, Luo J, Cincotta AH (2000) Association of the antidiabetic effects of bromocriptine with a shift in the daily rhythm of monoamine metabolism within the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the Syrian hamster. Chronobiol Int 17(2):155–172. https://doi.org/10.1081/CBI-100101040
Luo S, Luo J, Meier AH, Cincotta AH (1997) Dopaminergic neurotoxin administration to the area of the suprachiasmatic nuclei induces insulin resistance. NeuroReport 8(16):3495–3499. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199711100-00016
Luo S, Meier AH, Cincotta AH (1998) Bromocriptine reduces obesity, glucose intolerance and extracellular monoamine metabolite levels in the ventromedial hypothalamus of Syrian hamsters. Neuroendocrinology 68(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1159/000054344
Ma X, Wang D, Zhao W, Xu L (2018) Deciphering the roles of PPARγ in adipocytes via dynamic change of transcription complex. Front Endocrinol 9(AUG):473. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENDO.2018.00473/BIBTEX
Mahajan R (2009) Bromocriptine mesylate: FDA-approved novel treatment for type-2 diabetes. Indian J Pharmacol 41(4):197. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.56070
Mai P, & Li SM (2013) Alkaloids derived from tryptophan: a focus on ergot alkaloids. Natural Products: Phytochemistry, Botany and Metabolism of Alkaloids, Phenolics and Terpenes, 683–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_24
Makrilakis K (2019) The role of DPP-4 inhibitors in the treatment algorithm of type 2 diabetes mellitus: when to select, what to expect. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16152720
Malambo P, Kengne AP, De Villiers A, Lambert EV, & Puoane T (2016) Built environment, selected risk factors and major cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review. In PLoS ONE. Public Library of Science. 11 11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166846
Marín-Peñalver JJ, Martín-Timón I, Sevillano-Collantes C, del Cañizo-Gómez FJ (2016) Update on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 7(17):354. https://doi.org/10.4239/WJD.V7.I17.354
Martín-Timón I, Sevillano-Collantes C, Segura-Galindo A, del Cañizo-Gómez FJ (2014) Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: have all risk factors the same strength? World J Diabetes 5(4):444. https://doi.org/10.4239/WJD.V5.I4.444
Maurer G, Schreier E, Delaborde S, Loosli HR, Nufer R, Shukla AP (1982) Fate and disposition of bromocriptine in animals and man. I: structure elucidation of the metabolites. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 7(4):281–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03189631
Maurer G, Schreier E, Delaborde S, Nufer R, Shukla AP (1983) Fate and disposition of bromocriptine in animals and man. II: Absorption, elimination and metabolism. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 8(1):51–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03189581
Mcallister G, Knowles MR, Ward-Booth SM, Sinclair HA, Patel S, Marwood R, Emms F, Patel S, Smith A, Seabrook GR, Freedman SB (1995) Functional coupling of human d2, d3, and d4 dopamine receptors in HEK293 cells. J Recept Signal Transduction 15(1–4):267–281. https://doi.org/10.3109/10799899509045220
McHale M, Coldwell MC, Herrity N, Boyfield I, Winn FM, Ball S, Cook T, Robinson JH, Gloger IS (1994) Expression and functional characterisation of a synthetic version of the human D4 dopamine receptor in a stable human cell line. FEBS Lett 345(2–3):147–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(94)00423-4
McNeill LH, Kreuter MW, Subramanian SV (2006) Social environment and physical activity: a review of concepts and evidence. Soc Sci Med 63(4):1011–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.012
Meier AH, & Cincotta AH (n.d.) Circadian rhythms regulate the-expression of the thrifty genotypelphenotype.
Meier AH, Cincotta AH, Lovell WC (1992) Timed bromocriptine administration reduces body fat stores in obese subjects and hyperglycemia in type II diabetics. Experientia 48(3):248–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01930467
Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Wilson PWF (2000) Parental transmission of type 2 diabetes: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes 49(12):2201–2207. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.49.12.2201
Michael Gaziano J, Cincotta AH, Vinik A, Blonde L, Bohannon N, & Scranton R (2012) Effect of bromocriptine-QR (a quick-release formulation of bromocriptine mesylate) on major adverse cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes subjects. J Am Heart Assoc, 1(5). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.112.002279
Mishra A, Singh S, & Shukla S (2018) Physiological and functional basis of dopamine receptors and their role in neurogenesis: possible implication for Parkinson’s disease. J Exp Neurosci 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518779829
Missale C, Russel Nash S, Robinson SW, Jaber M, & Caron MG (1998) Dopamine receptors: from structure to function. In Physiological Reviews. American Physiological Society. 78 1 189–225. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.189
Mobasseri M, Shirmohammadi M, Amiri T, Vahed N, Fard HH, Ghojazadeh M (2020) Prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes in the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Promot Perspect 10(2):98. https://doi.org/10.34172/HPP.2020.18
Mosah HA, & Hashim H (2014) Effect of cabergoline on body weight, glycemic control and insulin resistance in patient with obesity and prediabetes. Undefined
Motala AA, Busson M, Al-Harbi EM, Khuzam MAA, Al-Omari EMD, Arekat MR, Almawi WY (2005) Susceptible and protective human leukocyte antigen class II alleles and haplotypes in Bahraini type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12(1):213. https://doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.12.1.213-217.2005
Murea M, Ma L, & Freedman BI (2012) Genetic and environmental factors associated with type 2 diabetes and diabetic vascular complications. In Review of Diabetic Studies. Society for Biomedical Diabetes Research. 9 16–22. https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2012.9.6
Neve KA, Seamans JK, & Trantham-Davidson H (2004) Dopamine receptor signaling, 24(3), 165–205. https://doi.org/10.1081/RRS-200029981
Novikov A, Vallon V (2016) SGLT2 inhibition in the diabetic kidney – an update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 25(1):50. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0000000000000187
Olivares-Hernández A, Figuero-Pérez L, Cruz-Hernandez JJ, Sarmiento RG, Usategui-Martin R, Miramontes-González JP (2021) Dopamine receptors and the kidney: an overview of health- and pharmacological-targeted implications. Biomolecules 11(2):254. https://doi.org/10.3390/BIOM11020254
Oltmans GA (1983) Norepinephrine and dopamine levels in hypothalamic nuclei of the genetically obese mouse (ob/ob). Brain Res 273(2):369–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)90865-X
Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuñiga FA (2018) Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 17(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12933-018-0762-4
Ozery M, & Wadhwa R (2020) Bromocriptine.In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing
Pálsson R, Patel UD (2014) Cardiovascular complications of diabetic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 21(3):273. https://doi.org/10.1053/J.ACKD.2014.03.003
Park S, Kang S, Lee HW, Ko BS (2012) Central prolactin modulates insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in diabetic rats. Neuroendocrinology 95(4):332–343. https://doi.org/10.1159/000336501
Paschou SA, Papadopoulou-Marketou N, Chrousos GP, Kanaka-Gantenbein C (2018) On type 1 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. Endocr Connect 7(1):R38. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0347
Petersen MC, Shulman GI (2018) Mechanisms of insulin action and insulin resistance. Physiol Rev 98(4):2133–2223. https://doi.org/10.1152/PHYSREV.00063.2017/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/Z9J0041828680019.JPEG
Pijl H (2003) Reduced dopaminergic tone in hypothalamic neural circuits: expression of a “thrifty” genotype underlying the metabolic syndrome? Eur J Pharmacol 480(1–3):125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.100
Pijl H, Ohashi S, Matsuda M, Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Kumar V, Pipek R, Iozzo P, Lancaster JL, Cincotta AH, DeFronzo RA (2000) Bromocriptine: a novel approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23(8):1154–1161. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.23.8.1154
Potenza MN, Graminski GF, Schmauss C, Lerner MR (1994) Functional expression and characterization of human D2 and D3 dopamine receptors. J Neurosci 14(3 II):1463–1476. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.14-03-01463.1994
Poursafa P, Mansourian M, Motlagh ME, Ardalan G, Kelishadi R (2014) Is air quality index associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents? The CASPIAN-III Study. Environ Res 134:105–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.010
Probst WC, Snyder LA, Schuster DI, Brosius J, Sealfon SC (1992) Sequence alignment of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. DNA Cell Biol 11(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.1992.11.1
Pulgaron ER, Delamater AM (2014) Obesity and type 2 diabetes in children: epidemiology and treatment. Curr DiabRep 14(8):508. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11892-014-0508-Y
Quinn N (1995) Fortnightly review: drug treatment of Parkinson’s disease. BMJ 310(6979):575. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6979.575
Raffo A, Hancock K, Polito T, Xie Y, Andan G, Witkowski P, Hardy M, Barba P, Ferrara C, Maffei A, Freeby M, Goland R, Leibel RL, Sweet IR, Harris PE (2008) Role of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 in rodent insulin secretion and glucose metabolism revealed by its specific antagonist tetrabenazine. J Endocrinol 198(1):41–49. https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-07-0632
Rahman M.H, Akter R, Bhattacharya T, Abdel-Daim MM, Alkahtani S, Arafah MW, Al-Johani NS, Alhoshani NM, Alkeraishan N, Alhenaky A, Abd‐Elkader OH, El-Seedi HR, Kaushik D, & Mittal V (2020) Resveratrol and neuroprotection: impact and its therapeutic potential in Alzheimer’s disease. In Frontiers in Pharmacology 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.619024
Rahman MH, Bajgai J, Fadriquela A, Sharma S, Thi TT, Akter R, Goh SH, Kim CS, & Lee KJ (2021) Redox effects of molecular hydrogen and its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In Processes. 9 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020308
Rajagopalan S, & Brook RD (2012) Air pollution and type 2 diabetes: mechanistic insights. In Diabetes. Diabetes. 61 12 3037–3045. https://doi.org/10.2337/db12-0190
Ramteke K, Ramanand J, Raparti G, Murthy M, Ramanand S, Jain S, Patwardhan M, Ghanghas R (2011) Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of bromocriptine QR in type 2 diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 15(5):33. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.83062
Ravindran S, & Munusamy S (2021) Renoprotective mechanisms of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors against the progression of diabetic kidney disease. J Cell Physiol, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.30621
Reichmann H, Bilsing A, Ehret R, Greulich W, Schulz JB, Schwartz A, Rascol O (2006) Ergoline and non-ergoline derivatives in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 253(4):iv36–iv38. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00415-006-4009-Z
Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER (2017) The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia 60(9):1577. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00125-017-4342-Z
Renalds A, Smith TH, & Hale PJ (2010a) A systematic review of built environment and health. In Family and Community Health. Fam Community Health. 33 1 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0b013e3181c4e2e5
Renalds A, Smith TH, Hale PJ (2010b) A systematic review of built environment and health. Fam Community Health 33(1):68–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0b013e3181c4e2e5
Rines AK, Sharabi K, Tavares CDJ, Puigserver P (2016) Targeting hepatic glucose output in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 15(11):786. https://doi.org/10.1038/NRD.2016.151
Robinson SW, Caron MG (1996) Chimeric D2/D3 dopamine receptors efficiently inhibit adenylyl cyclase in HEK 293 cells. J Neurochem 67(1):212–219. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67010212.x
Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS, Davidson JA, Einhorn D, Garber AJ, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Horton ES, Lebovitz H, Levy P, Moghissi ES, Schwartz SS (2009) Statement by an American association of clinical endocrinologists / American college of endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocr Pract 15(6):540–559. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.15.6.540
Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W (2016a) Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Exp Mol Med 48(3):e219–e219. https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2016.6
Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, & Han W (2016b) Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. In Experimental & molecular medicine. Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 48 3 e219. https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2016b.6
Roep BO, Thomaidou S, van Tienhoven R, Zaldumbide A (2020) Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a disease of the β-cell (do not blame the immune system?). Nat Rev Endocrinol 17(3):150–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020-00443-4
Rosenzweig JL, Ferrannini E, Grundy SM, Haffner SM, Heine RJ, Horton ES, Kawamori R, Edwards H (2008) Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in patients at metabolic risk: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(10):3671–3689. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0222
Roy P, Koetter P, Cunningham J, Komanduri S, Cinicola J (2021) A rare case of diabetic ketoacidosis presenting with severe hypertriglyceridemia requiring plasmapheresis in an adult with type-2 diabetes mellitus: Case report. Medicine 100(23):e26237. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000026237
Saadat N, Esmaily H, Abbasinazari M, Tohidi M, Salamzadeh J, Hadaegh F, Tolabi M, Kalantar-Hormozi M, Dibaj M (2015) Does twice-weekly cabergoline improve anthropometrical and biochemical profiles in prediabetes? A randomized double-blind clinical trial pilot study. Iranian J Pharm Res 14(14):77–86. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2015.1715
Saeedi P, Salpea P, Karuranga S, Petersohn I, Malanda B, Gregg EW, Unwin N, Wild SH, & Williams R (2020) Mortality attributable to diabetes in 20–79 years old adults, 2019 estimates: results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 162. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DIABRES.2020.108086
Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Black JB, Chen D (2003) Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. Am J Public Health 93(9):1552–1558. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1552
Sahay BK, & Sahay RK (2003) Hypertension in diabetes. In Journal of the Indian Medical Association. J Indian Med Assoc. 101 1 12–15+44. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12593_24
Sakano D, Shiraki N, Kikawa K, Yamazoe T, Kataoka M, Umeda K, Araki K, Mao D, Matsumoto S, Nakagata N, Andersson O, Stainier D, Endo F, Kume K, Uesugi M, Kume S (2014) VMAT2 identified as a regulator of late-stage β-cell differentiation. Nat Chem Biol 10(2):141–148. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1410
Sallis JF, Floyd MF, Rodríguez DA, Saelens BE (2012) Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 125(5):729–737. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969022
Schulz M, Romppel M, Grande G (2016) Built environment and health: a systematic review of studies in Germany. J Public Health 40(1):8–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdw141
Schulz M, Romppel M, & Grande G (2018) Built environment and health: a systematic review of studies in Germany. In Journal of Public Health (United Kingdom). Oxford University Press. 40 1 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdw141
Scott RA, Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Franks PW, Rolandsson O, Drogan D, van der Schouw YT, Ekelund U, Kerrison ND, Ardanaz E, Arriola L, Balkau B, Barricarte A, Barroso I, Bendinelli B, Beulens JWJ, Boeing H, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Deloukas P, … Wareham NJ (2013) The link between family history and risk of type 2 diabetes is not explained by anthropometric, lifestyle or genetic risk factors: the EPIC-InterAct Study. Diabetologia, 56(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00125-012-2715-X
Scranton RE, Gaziano JM, Rutty D, Ezrokhi M, & Cincotta A (2007) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess safety and tolerability during treatment of type 2 diabetes with usual diabetes therapy and either CyclosetTM or placebo. BMC Endocr Disord 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-7-3
Seeman P, & Van Tol HHM (1994) Dopamine receptor pharmacology. In Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 15 7 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(94)90323-9
Seino S (2012) Cell signalling in insulin secretion: the molecular targets of ATP, cAMP and sulfonylurea. Diabetologia 55(8):2096–2108. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00125-012-2562-9/FIGURES/2
Sharabi K, Tavares CDJ, Rines AK, Puigserver P (2015) Molecular pathophysiology of hepatic glucose production. Mol Aspects Med 46:21. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MAM.2015.09.003
Sharma S, Batra S, Gupta S, Sharma VK, Rahman MH, & Kamal MA (2021) Persons with co-existing neurological disorders: risk analysis, considerations and management in COVID-19 pandemic. CNS Neurol Disord-Drug Targets, 20.https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527320666210308113457
Shivaprasad C, Kalra S (2011) Bromocriptine in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 15(5):17. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.83058
Sindhu RK, Verma R, Salgotra T, Rahman MH, Shah M, Akter R, Murad W, Mubin S, Bibi P, Qusti S, Alshammari EM, Batiha GES, Tomczyk M, & Al-Kuraishy HM (2021) Impacting the remedial potential of nano delivery-based flavonoids for breast cancer treatment. In Molecules. 26 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175163
Soccio RE, Chen ER, Lazar MA (2014) Thazolidinediones and the promise of insulin sensitization in type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab 20(4):573. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CMET.2014.08.005
Sokoloff P, & Schwartz JC (1995) Novel dopamine receptors half a decade later. In Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 16 8 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-6147(00)89044-6
Sola D, Rossi L, Schianca GPC, Maffioli P, Bigliocca M, Mella R, Corlianò F, Paolo Fra G, Bartoli E, Derosa G (2015) Sulfonylureas and their use in clinical practice. Arch Med Sci: AMS 11(4):840. https://doi.org/10.5114/AOMS.2015.53304
Solis-Herrera C, Triplitt C, Cersosimo E, & DeFronzo RA (2021) Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Sørensen M, Hjortebjerg D, Eriksen KT, Ketzel M, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O (2015) Exposure to long-term air pollution and road traffic noise in relation to cholesterol: a cross-sectional study. Environ Int 85:238–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.021
Southern LL, Cincotta AH, Meier AH, Bidner TD, Watkins KL (1990) Bromocriptine-induced reduction of body fat in pigs. J Anim Sci 68(4):931–936. https://doi.org/10.2527/1990.684931x
Sunahara RK, Guan HC, O’Dowd BF, Seeman P, Laurier LG, Ng G, George SR, Torchia J, Van Tol HHM, Niznik HB (1991) Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1. Nature 350(6319):614–619. https://doi.org/10.1038/350614a0
Suski, V., & Stacy, M. (2013). Dopamine agonists. In Handbook of Parkinson’s Disease, Fifth Edition. CRC Press. pp. 414–429. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10587_26
Tagde P, Tagde P, Tagde S, Bhattacharya T, Garg V, Akter R, Rahman MH, Najda A, Albadrani GM, Sayed AA, Akhtar MF, Saleem A, Altyar AE, Kaushik D, & Abdel-Daim MM (2021) Natural bioactive molecules: an alternative approach to the treatment and control of glioblastoma multiforme. In Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 141). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111928
Taghavi SM, Fatemi SS, Rokni H (2012) Cabergoline effect on blood sugar in type 2 diabetic patients with oral agent failure. Med J Malaysia 67(4):390–392
Tan JR, Chen YH, Bi YF, Xu M, Huang Y, Dai M, Ning G, Li XY (2010) Prehypertension is associated with atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2(1):56–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2009.00062.x
Tiberi M, Jarvie KR, Silvia C, Falardeau P, Gingrich JA, Godinot N, Bertrand L, Yang-Feng TL, Fremeau RT, Caron MG (1991) Cloning, molecular characterization, and chromosomal assignment of a gene encoding a second D1 dopamine receptor subtype: differential expression pattern in rat brain compared with the D1A receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88(17):7491–7495. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.17.7491
Tuomi T, Santoro N, Caprio S, Cai M, Weng J, & Groop L (2014) The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity. In The Lancet. Lancet Publishing Group. 383 9922 1084–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62219-9
Ustione A, Piston DW (2012) Dopamine synthesis and D3 receptor activation in pancreatic β-cells regulates insulin secretion and intracellular [Ca2+] oscillations. Mol Endocrinol 26(11):1928–1940. https://doi.org/10.1210/ME.2012-1226
Vallon V, Thomson SC (2017) Targeting renal glucose reabsorption to treat hyperglycaemia: the pleiotropic effects of SGLT2 inhibition. Diabetologia 60(2):215–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00125-016-4157-3/FIGURES/3
Van Hilten JJ, Ramaker CC, Stowe RL, & Ives NJ (2007) Bromocriptine versus levodopa in early Parkinson’s disease. In Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. (4). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002258.pub2
van Stee MF, de Graaf AA, Groen AK (2018) Actions of metformin and statins on lipid and glucose metabolism and possible benefit of combination therapy. Cardiovasc Diabetol 17(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12933-018-0738-4
Vermund SH, Goldstein RG, Romano AA, Atwood SJ (1984) Accidental bromocriptine ingestion in childhood. J Pediatr 105(5):838–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80319-4
Via (2010) Bromocriptine approved as the first medication to target dopamine activity to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes: Targets and Therapy 3:43. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmsott.s9575
Walia V, Kaushik D, Mittal V, Kumar K, Verma R, Parashar J, Akter R, Rahman MH, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Karthika C, Bhattacharya T, Chopra H, & Ashraf GM (2021) Delineation of neuroprotective effects and possible benefits of antioxidants therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s diseases by targeting mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species: bench to bedside. In Molecular Neurobiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02617-1
Wasada T, Kawahara R, & Iwamoto Y (2000) Lack of evidence for bromocriptine effect on glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and body fat stores in obese type 2 diabetic patients. In Diabetes Care. American Diabetes Association Inc. 23 7 1039–1040. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.23.7.1039
Webb EA, Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS, Gie RP, Lombard CJ, Spitaels A, Delport S, Marais BJ, Donald K, Hindmarsh P, Beyers N (2009) High prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 13(7):868–874
Well C (1986) The safety of bromocriptine in long-term use: a review of the literature. Curr Med Res Opin 10(1):25–51. https://doi.org/10.1185/03007998609111089
Wendel-Vos W, Droomers M, Kremers S, Brug J, Van Lenthe F (2007) Potential environmental determinants of physical activity in adults: a systematic review. Obes Rev 8(5):425–440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00370.x
Wiggins J, Skinner C (1986) Bromocriptine induced pleuropulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 41(4):328–330. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.41.4.328
Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, & Cornuz J (2007) Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In Journal of the American Medical Association. JAMA. 298 22 2654–2664. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.22.2654
Wu Y, Ding Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W (2014) Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. Int J Med Sci 11(11):1185. https://doi.org/10.7150/IJMS.10001
Yang Y, Zhao C, Ye Y, Yu M, Qu X (2020) Prospect of sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors combined with insulin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol 11:190. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENDO.2020.00190/BIBTEX
Yonemochi N, Ardianto C, Yang L, Yamamoto S, Ueda D, Kamei J, Waddington JL, Ikeda H (2019) Dopaminergic mechanisms in the lateral hypothalamus regulate feeding behavior in association with neuropeptides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 519(3):547–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BBRC.2019.09.037
Zhong J, Rao X, Rajagopalan S (2013) An emerging role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) beyond glucose control: potential implications in cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 226(2):305–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2012.09.012
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Md. Tanvir Kabir: conceptualization, writing original draft, and supervision. Jannatul Ferdous Mitu: writing original draft. Raushanara Akter, Muhammad Furqan Akhtar, Ammara Saleem, Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Saurabh Bhatia, Md. Sohanur Rahman, Fouad Damiri, Mohammed Berrada: reviewing and editing, investigation, and supervision. Md. Habibur Rahman: writing original draft, data curation, reviewing and editing and supervision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kabir, M.T., Ferdous Mitu, J., Akter, R. et al. Therapeutic potential of dopamine agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 46385–46404 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20445-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20445-1