Abstract
The primary impediment to adopting the Water, Energy, and Food (WEF) Nexus is a lack of a comprehensive and user-friendly simulation model. According to our search on Google Scholar and the Scopus databank, WEF Nexus studies can be divided into three broad categories: (1) studies about the nexus concept, (2) studies related to nexus modeling and software development, and (3) case studies. Given that the present study’s objective is to review various solutions for WEF Nexus modeling and also to prepare a checklist of available models to find a better model for nexus simulation, we excluded papers and studies which were related to the nexus concept. After that, we split up other papers that talked about nexus and software development into (1) integrated and (2) compiled approaches. Then, it was attempted to identify the shortcomings in each approach. It was shown that the existing integrated WEF Nexus models (such as MUSIASEM, NexSym, CLEW, and ANEMI) had some significant drawbacks compared to compiled alternatives. Several of the major shortcomings of existing integrated models include the following: (1) They did not cover all spatial scales; (2) they included only a limited number of interactions across WEF subsystems; and (3) some of these models were unavailable. Therefore, as a general result of the current study, it was shown that compiled approach is generally preferable compared to available integrated models. In this regard, we tried to find the best water simulation models to implement in the nexus concept. We searched for papers about water simulation models and defined water subsystem requirements in the nexus concept. So, we evaluated each water simulation model based on its ability to cover water subsystem requirements. This work illustrates the capability of a suitable water simulation model to be utilized in the nexus concept and provides a holistic checklist to choose the preferred water simulation model based on the needs of each issue.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The authors declare that the data are not available and can be presented upon the request of the readers.
References
Abbott MB, Bathurst JC, Cunge JA et al (1986) An introduction to the European Hydrological System — Systeme Hydrologique Europeen, “SHE”, 1: History and philosophy of a physically-based, distributed modelling system. J Hydrol 87:45–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90114-9
Abdullaev I, Rakhmatullaev S (2016) setting up the agenda for water reforms in Central Asia: does the nexus approach help? Environ Earth Sci 75:870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5409-8
Afshar A, Soleimanian E, Akbari Variani H, et al (2021) The conceptual framework to determine interrelations and interactions for holistic Water, Energy, and Food Nexus. Environ Dev Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01858-3
Agrawal N, Ahiduzzaman M, Kumar A (2018) The development of an integrated model for the assessment of water and GHG footprints for the power generation sector. Appl Energy 216:558–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2018.02.116
Ahmadi A, Ohab-Yazdi SA, Zadehvakili N, Safavi HR (2019) A dynamic model of water resources management using the scenario analysis technique in downstream of the Zayandehroud basin. Int J River Basin Manag 17:451–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2018.1505734
Alam S, Gebremichael M, Li R (2019) Remote sensing-based assessment of the crop, energy and water nexus in the Central Valley, California. Remote Sens 11(14):1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141701
Allan JA (1998) Virtual water: a strategic resource. Ground Water 36(4):545–547. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02825.x
Almulla Y, Ramos E, Gardumi F et al (2018) The Role of Energy-Water Nexus to Motivate Transboundary Cooperation. Int J Sustain Energy Plan Manag 18:3–28. https://doi.org/10.5278/IJSEPM.2018.18.2
Arnold JG, Srinivasan R, Muttiah RS, Williams JR (1998) Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment Part I: model development. JAWRA J Am Water Resour Assoc 34:73–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.x
Ashrafi SM, Mahmoudi M (2019) Developing a semi-distributed decision support system for great Karun water resources system. J Appl Res Water Wastewater 6:16–24. https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2019.1042
Benson D, Gain AK, Rouillard JJ (2015) Water governance in a comparative perspective: from IWRM to a “Nexus” Approach? Water Alternatives 8:756–773
Bielsa J, Cazcarro I (2015) Implementing integrated water resources management in the Ebro River Basin: from theory to facts. Sustainability 7:441–464. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7010441
Biswas AK (2008) Integrated water resources management: is it working? Int J Water Resour Dev 24:5–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620701871718
Breach PA, Simonovic SP (2021) ANEMI3: an updated tool for global change analysis. PLOS ONE 16:e0251489-
Brunner P, Simmons CT (2012) HydroGeoSphere: a fully integrated, physically based hydrological model. Groundwater 50:170–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00882.x
Brush CF, Dogrul EC, Kadir TN (2013) Development and calibration of the California Central Valley groundwater-surface water simulation model (C2VSim), version 3.02-CG. Bay-Delta Office, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, USA. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OgXkjgEACAAJ
Burek P, Satoh Y, Kahil T et al (2020) Development of the Community Water Model (CWatM v1.04) – a high-resolution hydrological model for global and regional assessment of integrated water resources management. Geosci Model Dev 13:3267–3298. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3267-2020
Cadillo-Benalcazar JJ, Renner A, Giampietro M (2020) A multiscale integrated analysis of the factors characterizing the sustainability of food systems in Europe. J Environ Manage 271:110944. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2020.110944
Cansino-Loeza B, Ponce-Ortega JM (2021) Sustainable assessment of Water-Energy-Food Nexus at regional level through a multi-stakeholder optimization approach. J Clean Prod 290:125194. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.125194
Chen L, Xu L, Velasco-Fernández R et al (2021) Residential energy metabolic patterns in China: a study of the urbanization process. Energy 215:119021. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2020.119021
Corona-López E, Román-Gutiérrez AD, Otazo-Sánchez EM et al (2021) Water–Food Nexus assessment in agriculture: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(9):4983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094983
Cundy TW, Tento SW (1985) Solution to the kinematic wave approach to overland flow routing with rainfall excess given by Philip’s equation. Water Resour Res 21:1132–1140. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i008p01132
Daher BT, Mohtar RH (2015) Water–energy–food (WEF) Nexus Tool 2.0: guiding integrative resource planning and decision-making. Water Int 40:748–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1074148
Dale AL, Boehlert B, Reisenauer M, et al (2017) IIntegrated modeling of crop growth and water resource management to project climate change impacts on crop production and irrigation water supply and demand in African nations. In: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (vol 2017, pp GC41E-03)
Dale LL, Millstein D, Karali N, et al (2013) Energywater integrated assessment of the Sacramento area and a demonstration of WEAP-LEAP capability. In: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (vol 2013, pp H11J-1287)
Daohan Huang and Guijun Li and Chengshuang Sun and Qian Liu (2019). Exploring interactions in the local water-energy-food nexus (WEF-Nexus) using a simultaneous equations model Sci Total Environhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135034
Davies EGR, Simonovic SP (2010) ANEMI: a new model for integrated assessment of global change. Interdiscip Environ Rev 11:127–161. https://doi.org/10.1504/IER.2010.037903
De Loë RC, Patterson JJ (2017) Rethinking water governance: moving beyond water-centric perspectives in a connected and changing world. Nat Resour J 57:75–100
Douglas-Mankin KR, Srinivasan R, Arnold JG (2010) Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model current developments and applications. Trans ASABE 53:1423–1431. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.34915
Endo A, Yamada M, Miyashita Y et al (2020) Dynamics of water–energy–food nexus methodology, methods, and tools. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 13:46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COESH.2019.10.004
Engström R, Howells M, Mörtberg U, Destouni G (2018) Multi-functionality of nature-based and other urban sustainability solutions: New York City study. Land Degrad Dev 29:3653–3662. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3113
Fard MD, Sarjoughian HS (2020) Coupling weap and leap models using interaction modeling. In: 2020 Spring Simulation Conference (SpringSim). IEEE, pp 1–12
Gain AK, Rouillard JJ, Benson D (2013) Can Integrated Water Resources Management increase adaptive capacity to climate change adaptation? A critical review. J Water Resour Prot 5:11–20. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2013.54A003
Ghodsvali M, Krishnamurthy S, de Vries B (2019) Review of transdisciplinary approaches to food-water-energy nexus: a guide towards sustainable development. Environ Sci Policy 101:266–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2019.09.003
Giampietro M, Aspinall RJ, Bukkens SGF, et al (2013) An innovative accounting framework for the food-energy-water nexus: application of the MuSIASEM approach to three case studies. FAO, Roma (Italia).
Giampietro M, Mayumi K, Ramos-Martin J (2009) Multi-scale integrated analysis of societal and ecosystem metabolism (MuSIASEM): theoretical concepts and basic rationale. Energy 34:313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2008.07.020
Golmohammadi G, Prasher S, Madani A, Rudra R (2014) Evaluating three hydrological distributed watershed models: MIKE-SHE, APEX, SWAT. Hydrology 1:20–39. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology1010020
Grigg NS (2008) Integrated water resources management: balancing views and improving practice. Water Int 33:279–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060802272820
Grigg NS (2019) IWRM and the Nexus approach versatile concepts for water resources education. J Contemp Water Res Educ 166:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03299.x
Guan X, Mascaro G, Sampson D, Maciejewski R (2020) A metropolitan scale water management analysis of the food-energy-water nexus. Sci Total Environ 701:134478. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.134478
Guzman JA, Moriasi DN, Gowda PH et al (2015) A model integration framework for linking SWAT and MODFLOW. Environ Model Softw 73:103–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSOFT.2015.08.011
Hafeez F, Frost A, Vaze J et al (2015) A new integrated continental hydrological simulation system. Water: J Austr Water Assoc 42(3):78–80. https://doi.org/10.3316/ielapa.285181755522482
Hagemann N, Kirschke S (2017) Key issues of interdisciplinary NEXUS governance analyses: Lessons learned from research on integrated water resources management. Resources 6(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources6010009
Hermann S, Welsch M, Segerstrom RE et al (2012) Climate, land, energy and water (CLEW) interlinkages in B urkina F aso: An analysis of agricultural intensification and bioenergy production. In: Natural Resources Forum, vol 36, no 4. Wiley Online Library, pp 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2012.01463.x
Hoff H (2011) Understanding the nexus. In: background paper for the Bonn2011 Conference: The water, energy and food security nexus. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm
Hua E, Wang X, Engel BA et al (2021) Water competition mechanism of food and energy industries in WEF Nexus: a case study in China. Agric Water Manag 254:106941. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGWAT.2021.106941
Huang D, Li G, Sun C, et al (2020) Exploring interactions in the local water-energy-food nexus (WEF-Nexus) using a simultaneous equations model. Sci Total Environ 703:135034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135034
Ibisch RB, Bogardi JJ, Borchardt D (2016) Integrated water resources management: concept, research and implementationJspringer In: Integrated Water Resources Management: Concept, Research and Implementation. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25071-7_1
Jajarmizadeh M, Harun S, Salarpour M (2012) A review on theoretical consideration and types of models in hydrology. J Environ Sci Technol 5:249–261. https://doi.org/10.3923/JEST.2012.249.261
Jeffrey P, Gearey M (2006) Integrated water resources management: lost on the road from ambition to realisation? Water Sci Technol 53:1–8. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.001
Kaddoura S, el Khatib S (2017) Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modelling approach for integrated policy making. Environ Sci Policy 77:114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2017.07.007
Kanda EK (2019) Soil water dynamics and response of cowpea to water availability under moisture irrigation (Doctoral dissertation). University of KwaZulu-Natal. https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/17114
Kanda EK, Senzanje A, Mabhaudhi T (2021) Coupling Hydrus 2D/3D and AquaCrop Models for Simulation of Water Use in Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp). In: Ting DS-K, Vasel-Be-Hagh A (eds) Sustaining Tomorrow. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 53–63
Karabulut A, Egoh BN, Lanzanova D et al (2016) Mapping water provisioning services to support the ecosystem–water–food–energy nexus in the Danube river basin. Ecosyst Serv 17:278–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOSER.2015.08.002
Kirshanth L, Sivakumar SS (2018) Optimization of water resources in the Northern Province River Basins for irrigation schemes used for food production in Sri Lanka. 9(7):569–573
Kollet SJ, Maxwell RM (2006) Integrated surface–groundwater flow modeling: a free-surface overland flow boundary condition in a parallel groundwater flow model. Adv Water Resour 29:945–958. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADVWATRES.2005.08.006
Kaufmann D, Kraay A, Mastruzzi M (2011) The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues. Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 5430. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/3913
Kuffour BNO, Engdahl NB, Woodward CS et al (2020) Simulating coupled surface–subsurface flows with ParFlow v3.5.0: capabilities, applications, and ongoing development of an open-source, massively parallel, integrated hydrologic model. Geosci Model Dev 13:1373–1397. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1373-2020
Kurian M, Ardakanian R, Veiga LG et al (2016) Resources, services and risks: how can data observatories bridge the science-policy divide in environmental governance? Springer, The Netherlands
Leavesley GH, Lichty RW, Troutman BM et al (1983) Precipitation-runoff modeling system: User’s manual. Water-Resour Investig Rep 83:4238. https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834238
Leck H, Conway D, Bradshaw M, Rees J (2015) Tracing the Water–Energy–Food Nexu: description, theory and practice. Geogr Compass 9:445–460. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12222
Libera D, Wang D, Arumugam S (2019) Using an Integrated Groundwater and Surface Water Model for Understanding the Effects of Climate Change Scenarios on the Food-Energy-Water Nexus. In: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol 2019. pp H13O-1955
Lin J, Kang J, Bai X et al (2019) Modeling the urban water-energy nexus: a case study of Xiamen, China. J Clean Prod 215:680–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.01.063
Liu G, Hu J, Chen C et al (2021) LEAP-WEAP analysis of urban energy-water dynamic nexus in Beijing (China). Renew Sustain Energy Rev 136:110369. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2020.110369
Liu J, Yang H, Cudennec C et al (2017) Challenges in operationalizing the water–energy–food nexus. Hydrol Sci J 62(11):1714–1720. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2017.1353695
Liu W, Park S, Bailey RT et al (2019) Comparing SWAT with SWAT-MODFLOW hydrological simulations when assessing the impacts of groundwater abstractions for irrigation and drinking water. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Discuss 2019:1–51. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-232
Liu Y, Chen B (2020) Water-energy scarcity nexus risk in the national trade system based on multiregional input-output and network environ analyses. Appl Energy 268:114974. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2020.114974
Loucks DP, Beek EV (2017) Water resource systems modeling: its role in planning and management. In: Water Resource Systems Planning and Management. Springer, Cham, pp 51–72
Ma Y, Li YP, Zhang YF, Huang GH (2021) Mathematical modeling for planning water-food-ecology-energy nexus system under uncertainty: a case study of the Aral Sea Basin. J Clean Prod 308:127368. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2021.127368
MacEwan D, Cayar M, Taghavi A et al (2017) Hydroeconomic modeling of sustainable groundwater management. Water Resour Res 53:2384–2403. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019639
Manfroni M, Velasco-Fernández R, Pérez-Sánchez L et al (2021) The profile of time allocation in the metabolic pattern of society: an internal biophysical limit to economic growth. Ecol Econ 190:107183. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2021.107183
Markstrom SL, Niswonger RG, Regan RS et al (2008) GSFLOW-Coupled Ground-water and Surface-water FLOW model based on the integration of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW-2005). US Geol Sur Tech Methods 6:240. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2741.9202
Martinez-Hernandez E, Leach M, Yang A (2017) Understanding water-energy-food and ecosystem interactions using the nexus simulation tool NexSym. Appl Energy 206:1009–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.09.022
Maxwell RM, Condon LE, Kollet SJ (2015) A high-resolution simulation of groundwater and surface water over most of the continental US with the integrated hydrologic model ParFlow v3. Geosci Model Dev 8:923–937. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-923-2015
McCallum I, Montzka C, Bayat B et al (2020) Developing food, water and energy nexus workflows. Int J Digital Earth 13:299–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2019.1626921
Melaku ND, Wang J (2019) A modified SWAT module for estimating groundwater table at Lethbridge and Barons, Alberta, Canada. J Hydrol 575:420–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2019.05.052
Middleton C, Allouche J, Gyawali D, Allen S (2015) The rise and implications of the water-energy-food nexus in Southeast Asia through an environmental justice lens. Water Altern 8(2):627–654
Mohtar RH, Daher B (2016) Water-Energy-Food Nexus Framework for facilitating multi-stakeholder dialogue. Water Int 41:655–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1149759
Molajou A, Afshar A, Khosravi M et al (2021) A new paradigm of water, food, and energy nexus. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13034-1
Molajou A, Pouladi P, Afshar A (2021) Incorporating social system into water-food-energy nexus. Water Resour Manag 35:4561–4580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02967-4
Momblanch A, Papadimitriou L, Jain SK et al (2019) Untangling the water-food-energy-environment nexus for global change adaptation in a complex Himalayan water resource system. Sci Total Environ 655:35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.11.045
Nasrollahi H, Shirazizadeh R, Shirmohammadi R et al (2021) Unraveling the waterenergy-food-environment nexus for climate change adaptation in Iran: Urmia Lake Basin case-study. Water 13(9):1282. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091282
Nazari S, Ebadi T, Khaleghi T (2015) Assessment of the Nexus between groundwater extraction and greenhouse gas emissions employing Aquifer modelling. Procedia Environ Sci 25:183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENV.2015.04.025
Owen A, Scott K, Barrett J (2018) Identifying critical supply chains and final products: an input-output approach to exploring the energy-water-food nexus. Appl Energy 210:632–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2017.09.069
Pandey VP, Shrestha S (2017) Evolution of the nexus as a policy and development discourse. Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Princ Pract 1:11–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119243175.ch2
Pérez-Sلnchez L, Giampietro M, Velasco-Fernلndez R, Ripa M (2019) Characterizing the metabolic pattern of urban systems using MuSIASEM: the case of Barcelona. Energy Policy 124:13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.09.028
Purwanto A, Sušnik J, Suryadi FX et al (2021) Water-energyfood nexus: Critical review, practical applications, and prospects for future research. Sustainability 13(4):1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041919
Ramos EP, Howells M, Sridharan V et al (2021) The climate, land, energy, and water systems (CLEWs) framework: a retrospective of activities and advances to 2019. Environ Res Lett 16(3):033003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abd34f
Ravar Z, Zahraie B, Sharifinejad A et al (2020) System dynamics modeling for assessment of water–food–energy resources security and nexus in Gavkhuni basin in Iran. Ecol Ind 108:105682. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2019.105682
Ringler C, Bhaduri A, Lawford R (2013) The nexus across water, energy, land and food (WELF): potential for improved resource use efficiency? Curr Opin Environ Sustain 5(6):617–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.002
Rodrيguez-Huerta E, Rosas-Casals M, Hernلndez-Terrones LM (2019) Water societal metabolism in the Yucatan Peninsula. The impact of climate change on the recharge of groundwater by 2030. J Clean Prod 235:272–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.06.310
Rosales-Asensio E, de la Puente-Gil Á, García-Moya FJ et al (2020) Decision-making tools for sustainable planning and conceptual framework for the energy–water–food nexus. Energy Rep 6:4–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2020.08.020
Sachs I, Silk D (1990) Food and energy: strategies for sustainable development. United Nations University Press, Japan
Saif Y, Almansoori A (2017) An optimization framework for the Climate, Land, Energy, and Water (CLEWS) Nexus by a discrete optimization model. Energy Procedia 105:3232–3238. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYPRO.2017.03.714
Schlِör H, Morker C, Venghaus S, (2021) Developing a nexus systems thinking test –a qualitative multi- and mixed methods analysis. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 138:110543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110543
Schull VZ, Daher B, Gitau MW et al (2020) Analyzing FEW nexus modeling tools for water resources decision-making and management applications. Food Bioprod Process 119:108–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FBP.2019.10.011
Scott CA (2011) The water‐energyclimate nexus: Resources and policy outlook for aquifers in Mexico. Water Resour Res 47(6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010805
Shrestha A, Shrestha S, Tingsanchali T et al (2021) Adapting hydropower production to climate change: a case study of Kulekhani Hydropower Project in Nepal. J Clean Prod 279:123483. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.123483
Siad SM, Iacobellis V, Zdruli P et al (2019) A review of coupled hydrologic and crop growth models. Agric Water Manag 224:105746. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGWAT.2019.105746
Simpson GB, Jewitt GP (2019) The development of the water-energy-food nexus as a framework for achieving resource security: a review. Front Environ Sci 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00008
Sishodia RP, Shukla S, Wani SP, Graham WD, Jones JW (2018) Future irrigation expansion outweigh groundwater recharge gains from climate change in semi-arid India. Sci Total Environ 635:725-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.130
Smajgl A, Ward J, Pluschke L (2016) The water–food–energy Nexus –realising a new paradigm. J Hydrol 533:533–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2015.12.033
Soleimani S, Bozorg-Haddad O, Boroomandnia A et al (2021) A review of conjunctive GW-SW management by simulation–optimization tools. AQUA—Water Infrastruct Ecosyst Soc 70(3):239–256. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.106
South Africa Commission of Enquiry into Water Matters (1970) Report of the Commission of Enquiry Into Water Matters. Government Printer. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YawMAQAAIAAJ
Sridharan V, Shivakumar A, Niet T et al (2020) Land, energy and water resource management and its impact on GHG emissions, electricity supply and food production- Insights from a Ugandan case study. Environ Res Commun 2:085003. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/abaf38
Suhardiman D, Giordano M, Molle F (2012) Scalar disconnect: The logic of transboundary water governance in the Mekong. Soc Natur Resour 25(6):572–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2011.604398
Sulis A, Sechi GM (2013) Comparison of generic simulation models for water resource systems. Environ Model Softw 40:214–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.09.012
Sun Z, Zheng Y, Li X et al (2018) The Nexus of water, ecosystems, and agriculture in Endorheic River Basins: a system analysis based on integrated ecohydrological modeling. Water Resour Res 54(10):7534–7556.https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023364
Tabatabaie SMH, Murthy GS (2021) Development of an input-output model for food-energy-water nexus in the pacific northwest, USA. Resour Conserv Recycl 168:105267. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2020.105267
Talebmorad H, Eslamian S, Abedi-Koupai J (2018) Evaluation of integrated hydro geosphere hydrologic model in modeling of large basins subject to severe withdrawal. J Environ Chem Toxicol 2(1):31
Tejedor-Flores N, Vicente-Galindo P, Galindo-Villardón P (2017) Sustainability multivariate analysis of the energy consumption of ecuador using MuSIASEM and BIPLOT approach. Sustainability 9(6):984. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9060984
Therrien R, Sudicky EA (1996) Three-dimensional analysis of variably-saturated flow and solute transport in discretely-fractured porous media. J Contam Hydrol 23:1–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(95)00088-7
Tian Y, Zheng Y, Wu B et al (2015) Modeling surface water-groundwater interaction in arid and semi-arid regions with intensive agriculture. Environ Model Softw 63:170–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSOFT.2014.10.011
van Gevelt T (2020) The water–energy–food nexus: bridging the science–policy divide. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 13:6–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COESH.2019.09.008
Velasco-Fernلndez R, Pérez-Sلnchez L, Chen L, Giampietro M (2020) A becoming China and the assisted maturity of the EU: assessing the factors determining their energy metabolic patterns. Energ Strat Rev 32:100562. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESR.2020.100562
Wang Q, Li S, He G, Li R et al (2018) Evaluating sustainability of water-energy-food (WEF) nexus using an improved matter-element extension model: A case study of China. J Cleaner Prod 202:1097–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.213
Wang XY, Wu SY, Li AC (2017) Urban metabolism of three cities in Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration, China: Using the MuSIASEM approach. Sustainability 178:773–783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081481
Wicaksono A, Jeong G, Kang D (2019) Water–energy–food nexus simulation: an optimization approach for resource security. Water 11(4):667. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040667
Wicaksono A, Jeong G, Kang D (2020) WEFSiM: A model for water–energy–food nexus simulation and optimization. In: Naddeo V, Balakrishnan M, Choo K-H (eds) Frontiers in Water-Energy-Nexus—Nature-Based Solutions, Advanced Technologies and Best Practices for Environmental Sustainability. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 55–58
Wichelns D (2017) The water-energy-food nexus: Is the increasing attention warranted, from either a research or policy perspective? Environ Sci Policy 69:113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2016.12.018
Yates D, Miller KA (2013) Integrated decision support for energy/water planning in California and the Southwest. Int J Climate Change: Impacts Responses 4(1). https://doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/CGP/v04i01/37149
Zhang X, Ren L (2021) Simulating and assessing the effects of seasonal fallow schemes on the water-food-energy nexus in a shallow groundwater-fed plain of the Haihe River basin of China. J Hydrol 595:125992. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2021.125992
Zisopoulou K, Karalis S, Koulouri ME et al (2018) Recasting of the WEF Nexus as an actor with a new economic platform and management model. Energy Policy 119:123–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.030
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Elham Soleimanian: conceptualization, original draft, visualization, writing and editing; Abbas Afshar: supervision, conceptualization, review, and editing; Amir Molajou: conceptualization, original draft, and visualization.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Marcus Schulz
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Soleimanian, E., Afshar, A. & Molajou, A. A review on water simulation models for the WEF Nexus: development perspective. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 79769–79785 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19849-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19849-w