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Combining single and complex indices of pollution with grain size trend analysis of surficial sediments in Edremit Gulf, western Turkey

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Abstract

Pollution risk assessment of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, As) in sediment samples from 68 locations in the Gulf of Edremit, western Turkey, was performed using single and complex indices of pollution assessment approaches. The pollution indices used in the sediment analyses included pollution load index, contamination factor, contamination degree for individual metals, geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factors, toxic risk index, modified pollution index, frequency of adverse biological effects (TEL-PEL), percent incidence of biological effects (ERL-ERM), and total risk quotients. Results indicated a low degree of contamination for the entire surveyed area except moderate contamination factor for arsenic using single indices. Enrichment factors and geoaccumulation indices indicated moderate to significant enrichment and uncontaminated to moderately contaminated both for arsenic (As) and lead (Pb), respectively. According to the results of ecological risk assessment based on TELs and PELs, the adverse biological effects of heavy metals on aquatic organisms; are for As, Cr, Ni frequently, Cu and Pb occasionally, and Zn rare. The toxic risk index values displayed low to considerably toxic risk for the entire Gulf and calculated toxic risk index results showed that arsenic accounted for most of the entire sediment toxicity. Transport patterns of sediment grain size trend analyses were correlated with the results of pollution assessment models. Transport trends are compatible with the sources of lithogenic, anthropogenic, mining activities and wastewater treatment/geothermal originated arsenic.

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Data availability

The data sets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

FDEP:

Florida Environmental Protection Agency

NOAA:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

EF:

Enrichment factor

Igeo :

Geoaccumulation index

Cf:

Contamination factor

PLI:

Pollution Load Index

Cdeg:

Degree of contamination

mCdeg:

Modified degree of contamination

MPI:

Modified Pollution Index

SQG:

Sediment quality guideline

TEL:

Threshold effect level

PEL:

Probable effect level

ERL:

Effect range low

ERM:

Effect range medium

TRI:

Toxic risk index

QTEL and QPEL :

The total risk quotients of the heavy metals based on the TELs and PELs

TOC:

Total organic carbon

CA:

Cluster analysis

PCA:

Principal component analysis

GSTA:

Grain size trend analysis

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Acknowledgements

All survey data used in this study were taken within the scope of TUBITAK 115Y180 “Classification and Mapping of Seabed Features of Aegean Sea Coastal Areas”, and we would like to thank all the participants who contributed to the project. Special thanks are given to the editor Dr. V.V.S.S Sarma and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions for improving this manuscript.

Funding

Project funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK) Project Number: 115Y180.

Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu,115Y180,Muhammet Duman

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylül University, Balçova-İzmir, Turkey

    Muhammet Duman, Filiz Kucuksezgin, Atilla Hüsnü Eronat, Ezgi Talas & Tarık İlhan

  2. Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography, Turkish Naval Forces, 34085, Çubuklu-İstanbul, Turkey

    Şenol Aydın

Authors
  1. Muhammet Duman
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  2. Filiz Kucuksezgin
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  3. Atilla Hüsnü Eronat
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  4. Ezgi Talas
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  5. Tarık İlhan
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  6. Şenol Aydın
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Contributions

Muhammet Duman conceived and designed the study. Muhammet Duman, Atilla Hüsnü Eronat and Ezgi Talas completed marine survey and collect sediment samples. Ezgi Talas, Filiz Kucuksezgin and Tarık İlhan conducted the lab experiment. Muhammet Duman, Filiz Kucuksezgin, Atilla Hüsnü Eronat and Şenol Aydın drafted the initial manuscript.

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Correspondence to Muhammet Duman.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Responsible Editor: V.V.S.S. Sarma

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Duman, M., Kucuksezgin, F., Eronat, A.H. et al. Combining single and complex indices of pollution with grain size trend analysis of surficial sediments in Edremit Gulf, western Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 55609–55629 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19355-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19355-z

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