Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Application of titanium dioxide immobilized on a cellulosic material for the photocatalytic degradation of Acid Black 24 dye in a continuous flow cascade reactor

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of this work is the study of the photocatalytic degradation of Acid Black 24 dye (AB24), in a continuous flow cascade reactor, using titanium dioxide (TiO2) immobilized on a cellulosic material. The results obtained demonstrated a synergistic effect of the two phenomena adsorption and photocatalysis. The effects of various parameters that affect the dye removal efficiency were investigated. The best photocatalytic degradation yield of AB24 molecules is obtained in acidic medium because of the strong attraction between the positively charged catalyst and the anionic dye molecules. The optimum times for obtaining the best yields depend on the initial concentration of the dye, the volume of the treated solution, and the feed rate of the reactor. In addition, reusing the catalytic material several times is technically possible; this can decrease the cost of treatment for a possible industrial scale application.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable

References

  • Abdel-Maksoud Y, Imam E, Ramadan A (2016) TiO2 solar photocatalytic reactor systems: selection of reactor design for scale-up and commercialization - analytical review. Catalysts 6:138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alalm MG, Tawfik A, Ookawara S (2016) Enhancement of photocatalytic activity of TiO2 by immobilization on activated carbon for degradation of pharmaceuticals. J Environ Chem Eng 4:1929–1937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blake DM (1995) Bibliography of work on the heterogeneous photocatalytic removal of hazardous compounds from water and air. Technical report NREL/TP-473-20300, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA

  • Blake DM (2001) Bibliography of work on the heterogeneous photocatalytic removal of hazardous compounds from water and air. Technical report NREL/TP-510-31319, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA

  • Daneshvar N, Salari D, Khataee AR (2003) Photocatalytic degradation of Azo Dye Acid Red 14 in water on ZnO as an alternative catalyst to TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol A 160:195–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Araujo Scharnberg AR, de Loreto AC, Wermuth TB, Alves AK, Arcaro S, dos Santos PAM, Rodriguez AAL (2020) Porous ceramic supported TiO2 nanoparticles: enhanced photocatalytic activity for Rhodamine B degradation. Bol Soc Esp Cerám V 59:230–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Sá DS, Vasconcellos LE, de Souza JR, Marinkovic BA, Del Rosso T, Fulvio D, Maza D, Massi A, Pandoli O (2018) Intensification of photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and phenol by scale-up and numbering-up of meso- and microfluidic TiO2 reactors for wastewater treatment. J Photochem Photobiol A 364:59–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhananjeyan MR, Mielczarski E, Thampi KR, Buffat P, Bensimon M, Kulik A, Kiwi J (2001) Photodynamics and surface characterization of TiO2 and Fe2O3 photocatalysts immobilized on modified polyethylene films. J Phys Chem B 105:12046–12055

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding Z, Hu X, Lu GQ, Yue PL, Greenfield PF (2000) Novel silica gel supported TiO2 photocatalyst synthesized by CVD method. Langmuir 16:6216–6222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dzinun H, Ichikawa Y, Honda M, Zhang Q (2020) Efficient immobilised TiO2 in polyvinylidene fuoride (PVDF) membrane for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. J Membr Sci Res 6:188–195

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabiyi ME, Skelton RL (2000) Photocatalytic mineralisation of methylene blue using buoyant TiO2–coated polystyrene beads. J Photochem Photobiol A 132:121–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fostier A, Pereira H, Rath MDSS, Guimarães S (2008) Arsenic removal from water employing heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO2 immobilized in PET bottles. Chemosphere 72:319–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frederichi D, Scaliante MHNO, Bergamasco R (2021) Structured photocatalytic systems: photocatalytic coatings on low-cost structures for treatment of water contaminated with micropollutants - a short review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:23610–23633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaya UI, Abdullah AH (2008) Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide: a review of fundamentals, progress and problems. J Photochem Photobiol C 9:1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grzechulska J, Morawski AW (2002) Photocatalytic decomposition of azo-dye acid black1 in water over modified titanium dioxid. Appl Catal B: Environ 36:45–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han H, Bai R (2010) Highly effective buoyant photocatalyst prepared with a novel layered-TiO2 configuration on polypropylene fabric and the degradation performance for methyl orange dye under UV–Vis and Vis lights. Sep Purif Technol 73:142–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoseini SN, Pirzaman AK, Aroon MA, Pirbazari AE (2017) Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol by Co-doped TiO2 (Co/TiO2) nanoparticles and Co/TiO2 containing mixed matrix membranes. J Water Process Eng 17:124–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung CH, Yuan C, Li HW (2017) Photodegradation of diethyl phthalate with PANi/CNT/TiO2 immobilized on glass plate irradiated with visible light and simulated sunlight-effect of synthesized method and pH. J Hazard Mater 322:243–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jouali A, Salhi A, Aguedach A, Aarfane A, Ghazzaf H, Lhadi EK, El Krati M, Tahiri S (2019) Photo-catalytic degradation of methylene blue and reactive blue 21 dyes in dynamic mode using TiO2 particles immobilized on cellulosic fibers. J Photochem Photobiol C 383:112013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jouali A, Salhi A, Aguedach A, Lhadi EK, El Krati M, Tahiri S (2020) Photo-catalytic degradation of polyphenolic tannins in continuous-flow reactor using titanium dioxide immobilized on a cellulosic material. Water Sci Technol 82:1454–1466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kieda N, Tokuhisa T (2006) Immobilization of TiO2 photocatalyst particles on stainless steel substrates by electrolytically deposited Pd and Cu. J Ceram Soc Jap 114:42–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim DS, Park YS (2006) Photocatalytic decolorization of rhodamine B by immobilized TiO2 onto silicone sealant. Chem Eng J 116:133–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Peng K, Chen H, Wang Z (2018) TiO2 nanoparticles assembled on kaolinites with different morphologies for efficient photocatalytic performance. Sci Rep 8:11663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linsebigler AL, Lu G, Yates JT (1995) Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces: principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem Rev 95:735–758

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magalhaes F, Lago RM (2009) Floating photocatalysts based on TiO2 grafted on expanded polystyrene beads for the solar degradation of dyes. Sol Energy 83:1521–1526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills A, Davies RH, Worsley D (1993) Water purification by semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 22:417–425

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mounir B, Pons MN, Zahraa O, Yaacoubi A, Benhammou A (2007) Discoloration of a red cationic dye by supported TiO2 photocatalysis. J Hazard Mater 148:513–520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murugan E, Rangasamy R, Jebaranjitham JN (2012) Immobilization of TiO2 and TiO2 [Au] nanoparticles onto the poly (4-vinylpyridine) matrix and their photocatalysis. Adv Sci Lett 6:250–256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaoka S, Hamasaki Y, Ishihara SI, Nagata M, Iio K, Nagasawa C, Ihara H (2002) Preparation of carbon/TiO2 microsphere composites from cellulose/TiO2 microsphere composites and their evaluation. J Mol Catal A 177:255–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naskar S, Pillay SA, Chanda M (1998) Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solution with TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on foamed polyethylene sheet. J Photochem Photobiol A 113:257–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nawi MA, Ngoh SY, Zain SM (2012) Photoetching of immobilized TiO2-ENR50-PVC composite for improved photocatalytic activity. Int J Photoenergy, Article ID 859294: 12

  • Ortelli S, Blosi M, Albonetti S, Vaccari A, Dondi M, Costa AL (2014) TiO2 based nano-photocatalysis immobilized on cellulose substrates. J Photochem Photobiol C 276:58–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabahi A, Assadi AA, Nasrallah N, Bouzaza A, Maachi R, Wolbert D (2019) Photocatalytic treatment of petroleum industry wastewater using recirculating annular reactor: comparison of experimental and modeling. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:19035–19046

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reutergarth LB, Iangphasuk M (1997) Photocatalytic decolourization of reactive azo dye: a comparison between TiO2 and Cd Sphotocatalysis. Chemosphere 35:585–596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salhi A, Tahiri S, Khamliche L, Aarfane A, Jouali A, Bensitel M, El Krati M (2019) Photo-catalytic degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution using TiO2 supported on bovine bone powder by-product. Desalin Water Treat 159:356–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saqib NU, Adnan R, Shah I (2019) Zeolite supported TiO2 with enhanced degradation efficiency for organic dye under household compact fluorescent light. Mater Res Express 6:095506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shan AY, Ghazi TIM, Rashid SA (2010) Immobilisation of titanium dioxide onto supporting materials in heterogeneous photocatalysis: a review. Appl Catal A Gen 389:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheidaei B, Behnajady MA (2015) Mathematical kinetic modelling and representing design equation for a packed photoreactor with immobilised TiO2-P25 nanoparticles on glass beads in the removal of C.I. Acid Orange 7. Chem Process Eng 36:125–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • So CM, Cheng MY, Yu JC, Wong PK (2002) Degradation of azo dye Procion Red MX-5B by photocatalytic oxidation. Chemosphere 46:905–912

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorathiya K, Mishra B, Kalarikkal A, Reddy KP, Gopinath CS, Khushalani D (2016) Enhancement in rate of photocatalysis upon catalyst recycling. Sci Rep 6:35075

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tung TX, Xu D, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Wu Z (2019) Removing humic acid from aqueous solution using titanium dioxide: a review. Pol J Environ Stud 28:529–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Velasco LF, Tsyntsarski B, Petrova B, Budinova T, Petrov N, Parra JB, Ania CO (2010) Carbon foams as catalyst supports for phenol photodegradation. J Hazard Mater 184:843–848

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng J, Liu S, Cai J, Zhang L (2010) TiO2 immobilized in cellulose matrix for photocatalytic degradation of phenol under weak UV light irradiation. J Phys Chem C 114:7806–7811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The catalytic material applied in this work was manufactured by Ahlstrom Company. The authors are grateful to Dr. Cédric Vallet (from Ahlstrom-Munksjö) for authorizing its application in photocatalytic experiments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Water and Environment, Research team: Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of El Jadida, University Chouaïb Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco

    Anas Salhi, Sana Esserrar, Bouchra Nechchadi, Mohammed El Amine Ghanjaoui, Abdelkahhar Aguedache, Mohammed El Krati & Soufiane Tahiri

Authors
  1. Anas Salhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sana Esserrar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bouchra Nechchadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohammed El Amine Ghanjaoui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Abdelkahhar Aguedache
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mohammed El Krati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Soufiane Tahiri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed equally to this work.

A.S.: conceptualization, writing - original draft preparation, and figure making.

S.E.: performing the experiments and figure making.

B.N.: figure making.

M.E.G.: figure making.

A.A.: conceptualization.

M.E.: writing - review and editing and proofreading.

S.T.: writing - review and editing, proofreading, and supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Soufiane Tahiri.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

All the authors have approved the manuscript for publication.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Sami Rtimi

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Salhi, A., Esserrar, S., Nechchadi, B. et al. Application of titanium dioxide immobilized on a cellulosic material for the photocatalytic degradation of Acid Black 24 dye in a continuous flow cascade reactor. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 46778–46787 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19210-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19210-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation