Abstract
Increased industrialization and consumption of fossil fuels in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP), Brazil, have caused a growth of the particulate matter emissions to the atmosphere and an increase in population health problems. Particulate and gaseous phase samples were collected in different short campaigns (2015, 2016, and 2017) near an urban-industrial area. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and its derivatives (nitro and oxy-PAH), n-alkanes, hopanes, and pesticides were determined. The Salmonella/microsome test confirmed the mutagenic activity of these samples. Among PAH, benzo(a)pyrene was detected as one of the most abundant compounds. Benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations for PAH and nitro-PAH, and the associated risk of lung cancer, showed values above those recommended in the literature. The profile of n-alkanes confirmed the predominance of anthropogenic sources. Pesticide concentrations and estimated risks, such as the daily inhalation exposure and hazard quotient, suggest that exposure to these compounds in this area may be dangerous to human health.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank São Paulo State Environmental Agency (CETESB) for providing equipment and space. The authors also would like to thank Professor Maria Angela Zaccarelli-Marino, from the Faculty of Medicine of ABC for the support; Dr. Danilo Custodio for supporting the OC and EC analyses; and Celso Fumio Suzuki for conducting Salmonella/microsome tests.
Funding
Sofia was supported by São Paulo Public Ministry of State of São Paulo, and Aleinnys and Sofia were supported by São Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP-MODAU Project 2013/21728–2, 2016/23339–1, and 2017/20826–1). Ana Vicente is subsidized by national funds (OE), through FCT, I.P., in the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5, and 6 of article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19. Some chemical analyses were carried out at CESAM (UIDB/50017/2020 + UIDP/50017/2020), which is funded by FCT/MCTES through Portuguese funds, and co-funded by FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. Part of the data treatment fits the objectives of work package 2 of the project POCI-01–0145-FEDER-029574, funded by FEDER, through Compete2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI), and by Portuguese funds (OE), through FCT/MCTES.
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo,2013/21728–2,Pérola de Castro Vasconcellos,2016/23339–1,Sofia Caumo,2017/20826–1,Aleinnys B Yera,Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia,Universidade Nova de Lisboa,UIDB/50017/2020 + UIDP/50017/2020,Ana Vicente,Fundação Portugal Telecom,POCI-01–0145-FEDER-029574,Célia Alves
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Author Sofia Caumo conducted organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and its derivatives (nitro and oxy-PAH), n-alkanes, and hopanes laboratory analyses; wrote the article; calculated the risk; and did statistical analyses. Author Aleinnys Year conducted pesticide laboratory analyses, wrote the article, and calculated the risk for pesticides. Author Professor Author Ana Vicente supported Sofia on n-alkanes and hopanes analyses, reviewed the calculations, and revised the manuscript. Author Célia Alves supported Sofia on OC, EC, n-alkanes, and hopanes analyses; critically reviewed these analyses; and revised the manuscript. Deborah A. Roubicek conducted the Salmonella/microsome analyses, calculated the risk, and revised the manuscript. Pérola Vasconcellos designed and supervised the work, and participated in calculations and text correction. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Direct inquiries should be sent to author Sofia at sofia.caumo@alumni.usp.br.
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Caumo, S., Yera, A., Vicente, A. et al. Particulate matter–bound organic compounds: levels, mutagenicity, and health risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 31293–31310 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17965-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17965-7