Abstract
Imazethapyr, a selective systemic herbicide, is widely used in agriculture and it is frequently detected in water bodies close to application areas. Like other agrochemicals, imazethapyr is commercialized in formulations containing a mixture of additives that increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient. These complex mixtures may cause adverse effects on non-target primary producers, such as microalgae, when they reach freshwater bodies. The aim of this study was to assess the effects, separately, of the formulation Verosil®, the formulation additives, and technical-grade imazethapyr, in the acidic form or as ammonium salt, on the microalga Scenedesmus vacuolatus (Chlorophyta). Verosil®, formulation additives, and acid imazethapyr significantly inhibited the growth of S. vacuolatus (Verosil® > formulation additives > acid imazethapyr) and caused morphological alterations from 2 mg L−1, 4 mg L−1, and 60 mg L−1 onwards, respectively. Verosil® and formulation additives caused the most adverse effect including membrane disorganization, cytoplasm contraction, cell wall thickening, thylakoidal membrane disaggregation, and starch granule accumulation. In addition, Verosil® and formulation additives increased the chl a/chl b ratio, indicating possible alterations in photosystems as a stress response. The carotene/chl a ratio was also increased in microalgae exposed to both Verosil® and formulation additives, suggesting an antioxidant response to these toxic compounds. All these results support the hypothesis that the formulation additives contribute significantly to the toxicity and alterations caused by the commercial formulation Verosil® on S. vacuolatus.
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The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
This work was partly supported by grants from CONICET—Argentina (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 11220130100020CO) and from Universidad de Buenos Aires—Argentina (UBACyT 20020120200176BA, 20020170100359BA, and 20020150200116BA).
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Anabella Victoria Fassiano performed the overall experiments and also handled the data analysis, manuscript writing, and revision, as well as approval of the final version for publication. Hugo March helped acquiring the chemicals used in the assays, the results validation and interpretation of data, and revision of the manuscript. Marina Santos participated in the analytical determination of imazethapyr concentrations in the culture medium and helped to draft the manuscript. Ángela Beatriz Juárez and María del Carmen Ríos de Molina conceived the study, participated in its design and co-ordination, funding acquisition, performed critical interpretation of data, helped to draft the manuscript and revision, and approved the final version for publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Highlights
• The effects of the imazethapyr formulation Verosil® and its components were tested separately.
• Scenedesmus vacuolatus growth was inhibited by imazethapyr and formulation adjuvants.
• Imazethapyr acid and its ammonium salt had little toxic effect on S. vacuolatus.
• Verosil® or its adjuvants alone alter S. vacuolatus morphology and ultrastruture.
• Verosil® or its adjuvants altered S. vacuolatus pigments.
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Fassiano, A., March, H., Santos, M. et al. Toxicological effects of active and inert ingredients of imazethapyr formulation Verosil® against Scenedesmus vacuolatus (Chlorophyta). Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 31384–31399 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17962-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17962-w