Abstract
In this work, the use of natural organic wastes (orange and lemon peels) as sources of citric acid was evaluated along with the application of the photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) system under non-modified pH as a novel alternative to degrade a complex mixture of pharmaceuticals: sulfamethoxazole (SMX—7.90 × 10–5 mol/L) and trimethoprim (TMP—6.89 × 10–5 mol/L). The system was equipped with a carbon felt air diffusion cathode (GDE) and a Ti/IrO2 anode doped with SnO2 (DSA). A 3.6 × 10–5 mol/L solution of commercial citric acid was used as a reference. The pharmaceuticals’ evolution in the mixture was followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The addition of natural products showed an efficient simultaneous degradation of the antibiotics (100% of SMX and TMP at 45 min and 90 min, respectively) similar to the performance produced by adding the commercial citric acid to the PEF system. Moreover, the addition of natural products allowed for an increment of biodegradability (100% removal of TOC by a modified Zahn Wellens test) and a decrease in ecotoxicity (0% in the bioassay with D. Magna) of the treated solutions. The antibacterial activity was eliminated after only 45 min of treatment, suggesting that the degradation by-products do not represent a significant risk to human health or the environment in general. Results suggest that, because of the efficient formation of Fe-citrate complexes, the PEF could be enhanced by the addition of natural organic wastes as a sustainable alternative ecological system for water contaminated pharmaceuticals. Additionally, the potential of reusing natural organic wastes has been exposed, contributing to an improved low-cost PEF by decreasing the environmental contamination produced by this type of waste.
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Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].
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Acknowledgements
The authors from Universidad Antonio Nariño thanks MINCIENCIAS COLOMBIA (formerly known as COLCIENCIAS) for funding through project No. 123384467057 (contract 818-2019—Call 844-2019). C. A. Delgado-Vargas and P. A. Espinosa Barrera thank MINCIENCIAS for his scholarship within the program “BECAS DE EXCELENCIA DOCTORAL DEL BICENTENARIO” granted for the period between July 2021 and January 2025 (Call 1 of 2019: Second cut).
Funding
This work was funding by the MINCIENCIAS COLOMBIA (formerly known as COLCIENCIAS) through project No. 123384467057 (contract 818–2019—Call 844–2019).
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- CD performed the methodology; analyzed and interpreted data; wrote the original draft and wrote, revised & edited the final manuscript.
- PE performed the methodology; analyzed and interpreted data; wrote the original draft and wrote, revised & edited the final manuscript
- PV performed the Methodology; analyzed and interpreted data; wrote the original draft and wrote, revised & edited the final manuscript
- DM analyzed and interpreted data; wrote the original draft and wrote, revised & edited the final manuscript. Acquired resources and funding.
- AM analyzed and interpreted data; wrote the original draft and wrote, revised & edited the final manuscript. Acquired resources and funding.
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Highlights
• SMX and TMP were simultaneously degraded with the PEF system by the addition of citric acid.
• Efficiency in the degradation was maintained with extracts from lemon and orange peels.
• Complete degradation of SMX and TMP increased the biodegradability of the treated solutions.
• The treated SMX-TMP solutions showed lower ecotoxicity.
• Degradations of 100% of SMX and 71% of TMP lead to the complete elimination of antibacterial activity.
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Delgado-Vargas, C.A., Espinosa-Barrera, P.A., Villegas-Guzman, P. et al. An efficient simultaneous degradation of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim by photoelectro-Fenton process under non-modified pH using a natural citric acid source: study of biodegradability, ecotoxicity, and antibacterial activity. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 42275–42289 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17751-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17751-5