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A composite polyphenol-rich extract improved growth performance, ruminal fermentation and immunity, while decreasing methanogenesis and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in growing buffaloes

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Abstract

The effects of a composite polyphenolic-rich extract (CPRE) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilisation, growth performance, excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus and methane emission were studied in growing buffaloes. Four herbal dry extracts prepared from Acacia arabica (babul; bark), Acacia catechu (cutch; bark), Punica granatum (pomegranate; peel) and Eugenia jambolana (Indian blackberry; seeds) were mixed in an equal proportion (1:1:1:1) to prepare the CPRE that contained mainly phenolic compounds (146 g/kg), flavonoids (41.7 g/kg) and saponins (40.5 g/kg). First, in vitro tests were performed for ruminal fermentation and feed degradability using ruminal fluid as inocula and CPRE at 0 to 40 g/kg substrate to decide an optimal dose of CPRE for an in vivo study on buffaloes. In the animal study, 20 buffaloes were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 10)—a control diet and a CPRE diet (control diet added with extra 20 g/kg of CPRE). The in vitro tests suggested that addition of CPRE at 20 g/kg substrate increased degradability of substrate, short-chain fatty acid concentration and propionate proportion, and reduced methane production, acetate proportion, acetate:propionate ratio and ammonia concentration in fermentation media, which were also noted in the rumen of buffaloes. Feeding CRPE to buffaloes did not affect feed intake, but increased daily body weight gain, dry matter and crude protein digestibility and nitrogen and phosphorus retention in the body. Total bacteria, methanogens and protozoal numbers were similar between two groups, but Fibrobacter succinogenes increased in the rumen of buffaloes fed CPRE. Concentrations of total, essential, non-essential and glucogenic amino acids were greater in the plasma of CPRE-fed buffaloes. Cell-mediated immune response improved in the CPRE-fed buffaloes compared with the control group. Estimated methane production and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus per unit of body weight gain decreased in the CPRE group. The comprehensive results of this study clearly suggested that the composite polyphenol-rich feed additive at 20 g/kg diet improved growth performance, ruminal fermentation, immunity and plasma amino acids profile, whereas it reduced indicators of environmental impacts of buffalo production.

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Funding

This study was supported by the Department of Animal Nutrition, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India

    Snehdeep Singh, Jaspal Singh Hundal & Amit Sharma

  2. Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700037, West Bengal, India

    Amlan Kumar Patra

  3. Department of Animal Biotechnology, School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India

    Ram S. Sethi

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  1. Snehdeep Singh
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Contributions

JSH and SS conceived and designed research. SS and JSH conducted experiments. SS, RSS and AS performed laboratory analyses. JSH and AKP analysed the data. AKP and JSH wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Amlan Kumar Patra.

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The study was conducted after getting the necessary approval from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the University (IAEC/2020/200–219/56/1 dated 14.12.2020) working under “the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals”, New Delhi, India.

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11356_2021_17674_MOESM1_ESM.doc

Table S1. Effect of inclusion of a composite polyphenolic-rich extract (CPRE; at 20 g/kg diet) to the total mixed ration on the blood plasma amino acid concentration (g Amino acids/100g of blood protein) of growing male buffaloes

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Singh, S., Hundal, J.S., Patra, A.K. et al. A composite polyphenol-rich extract improved growth performance, ruminal fermentation and immunity, while decreasing methanogenesis and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in growing buffaloes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 24757–24773 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17674-1

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