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Critical analysis of excessive utilization of crude protein in ruminants ration: impact on environmental ecosystem and opportunities of supplementation of limiting amino acids—a review

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Abstract

Protein quality plays a key role than quantity in growth, production, and reproduction of ruminants. Application of high concentration of dietary crude protein (CP) did not balance the proportion of these limiting amino acids (AA) at duodenal digesta of high producing dairy cow. Thus, dietary supplementation of rumen-protected AA is recommended to sustain the physiological, productive, and reproductive performance of ruminants. Poor metabolism of high CP diets in rumen excretes excessive nitrogen (N) through urine and feces in the environment. This excretion is usually in the form of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrate, and ammonia. In addition to producing gases like methane, hydrogen carbon dioxide pollutes and has a potentially negative impact on air, soil, and water quality. Data specify that supplementation of top-limiting AA methionine and lysine (Met + Lys) in ruminants’ ration is one of the best approaches to enhance the utilization of feed protein and alleviate negative biohazards of CP in ruminants’ ration. In conclusion, many in vivo and in vitro studies were reviewed and reported that low dietary CP with supplemental rumen-protected AA (Met + Lys) showed a good ability to reduce N losses or NH3. Also, it helps in declining gases emission and decreasing soil or water contamination without negative impacts on animal performance. Finally, further studies are needed on genetic and molecular basis to explain the impact of Met + Lys supplementation on co-occurrence patterns of microbiome of rumen which shine new light on bacteria, methanogen, and protozoal interaction in ruminants.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Imtiaz Hussain Raja Abbasi, Rab N. Soomro, Khawar Hayat, Mohamed A. E. Mohamed, Bello M. Bodinga, Junhu Yao & Yangchun Cao

  2. School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

    Farzana Abbasi

  3. Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt

    Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack

  4. Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, 22511, Egypt

    Mervat A. Abdel-Latif

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  1. Imtiaz Hussain Raja Abbasi
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Abbasi, I.H.R., Abbasi, F., Abd El-Hack, M.E. et al. Critical analysis of excessive utilization of crude protein in ruminants ration: impact on environmental ecosystem and opportunities of supplementation of limiting amino acids—a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 181–190 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0555-4

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