Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Flood hazards and agricultural production risks management practices in flood-prone areas of Punjab, Pakistan

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Climate induced disasters, more specifically floods, have caused severe damage to the agriculture sector in Pakistan. These climatic risks have constrained the farming community to adopt risk management strategies to overcome such climate change risks. This research work attempted to examine the association of risk management tools with farmers’ perception of risk, risk averse attitude, and various socioeconomic factors. The study has employed the sample data of 398 farmers from two high-risk flood-prone districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The multivariate probit model was used in this study to investigate the association of dependent and independent variables. The findings of the study indicated that small farmers consider heavy rains and floods severe risks to their agricultural production and are more risk averse than large farmers. Estimates of a multivariate probit model interpreted as age of farmer (0.036), heavy rains risk perception (0.597), and landholding size (0.114) were positively related with the risk management tool of depletion of assets. Farmers’ education (0.056), off-farm income (3.47), age (0.018), and risk averse attitude of farmer (0.687) were positive, whereas experience of farming (–0.037) was negatively linked with reduction of consumption. Furthermore, experience of farming (0.005), risk averse attitude (0.493), heavy rains (0.481), and flood risk perception (0.536) were positively related with diversification adoption. The flood-prone farming community is more vulnerable to these climatic risks and rely on traditional strategies for risk management. There is a need to adopt crop diversification based on developing research capacity for innovative crop varieties having resistance to floods and climate change affects. Some significant policy measures, such as a more resilient scenario of climate change and floods, need to stimulate activities of enterprise diversification, opportunities of diversifying employment, and strengthening activities of off-farm employment for the sound livelihood of flood-prone farmers and to minimize severe affects of climatic risks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Abbas A, Amjath-Babu TS, Kächele H et al (2018) Sustainable survival under climatic extremes: linking flood risk mitigation and coping with flood damages in rural Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(32):32491–32505

  • Abbas G, Ahmad S, Ahmad A, Nasim W et al (2017) Quantification the impacts of climate change and crop management on phenology of maize-based cropping system in Punjab, Pakistan. Agric For Meteorol 247:42–55

  • Abid M, Schilling J, Scheffran J, Zulfiqar F (2016) Climate change vulnerability, adaptation and risk perceptions at farm level in Punjab, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 547:447–460

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Acharjee TK, Ludwig F, van Halsema G, Hellegers P, Supit I (2017) Future changes in water requirements of Boro rice in the face of climate change in North-West Bangladesh. Agric Water Manag 194:172–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adger WN, Brown I, Surminski S (2018) Advances in risk assessment for climate change adaptation policy

  • Adnan KM, Ying L, Ayoub Z, Sarker SA, Menhas R, Chen F, Yu MM (2020) Risk management strategies to cope catastrophic risks in agriculture: the case of contract farming, diversification and precautionary savings. Agriculture 10(8):351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad D, Afzal M (2020) Climate change adaptation impact on cash crop productivity and income in Punjab province of Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:30767–30777

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad D, Afzal M (2021) Impact of climate change on pastoralists’ resilience and sustainable mitigation in Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Dev Sustain 23:11406–11426

  • Ahmad D, Afzal M, Rauf A (2019) Analysis of wheat farmers’ risk perceptions and attitudes: evidence from Punjab, Pakistan. Nat Hazards 95(3):845–861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad D, Afzal M, Rauf A (2020) Environmental risks among rice farmers and factors influencing their risk perceptions and attitudes in Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(17):21953–21964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar MS (2019) Farmers Perceptions and Their Coping Strategies Regarding The Impact of Climate Change in Rice-Wheat Cropping System of the Punjab Pakistan. Dissertation, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

  • Akhtar S, Li GC, Nazir A et al (2019) Maize production under risk: the simultaneous adoption of off-farm income diversification and agricultural credit to manage risk. J Integr Agric 18(2):460–470

  • Ali S, Liu Y, Ishaq M, Shah T, Ilyas A, Din IU (2017) Climate change and its impact on the yield of major food crops: evidence from Pakistan. Foods 6(6):39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen SK, Ballesteros-Canovas J, Randhawa SS, Singha AK, Huggel C, Stoffel M (2018) Translating the concept of climate risk into an assessment framework to inform adaptation planning: insights from a pilot study of flood risk in Himachal Pradesh, Northern India. Environ Sci Policy 87:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arora NK (2019) Impact of climate change on agriculture production and its sustainable solutions. Environ Sustain 2:95–96

  • Arrow KJ (1964) The role of securities in the optimal allocation of risk bearing. Rev Econ Std 31:91–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arshad M, Amjath-Babu TS, Aravindakshan S, Krupnik TJ, Toussaint V, Kächele H, Müller K (2018) Climatic variability and thermal stress in Pakistan’s rice and wheat systems: a stochastic frontier and quantile regression analysis of economic efficiency. Ecol Ind 89:496–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arshad M, Kächele H, Krupnik TJ et al (2017) Climate variability, farmland value, and farmers’ perceptions of climate change: implications for adaptation in rural Pakistan. Int J Sustain Develop World Ecol 24(6):532–544

  • Aslam M (2018) Flood management current state, challenges and prospects in Pakistan: a review. Mehran Univ Res J Eng Technol 37(2):297–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bender J, Bridges TA, Shah K (2019) Reinventing climate investing: building equity portfolios for climate risk mitigation and adaptation. J Sustain Finance Invest 9(3):191–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binici T, Koc AA, Zulauf CR, Bayaner A (2003) Risk attitudes of farmers in terms of risk aversion: A case study of lower Seyhan plain farmers in Adana province, Turkey. Turk J Agric for 27(5):305–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Board of Statistics (BOS) Punjab (2017). Punjab statistics 2017, Statistical Division Punjab Government of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

  • Board of Statistics (BOS) Punjab (2019) Punjab statistics 2019, Statistical Division Punjab Government of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

  • Bolarinwa OA (2015) Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal 22(4):195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canevari-Luzardo LM, Berkhout F, Pelling M (2020) A relational view of climate adaptation in the private sector: How do value chain interactions shape business perceptions of climate risk and adaptive behaviours? Bus Strateg Environ 29(2):432–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cebon P, Dahinden U, Davies HC, Jaeger CC, Imboden D, Jasanoff S, Haas PM (eds) (1998).Views from the Alps: Regional perspectives on climate change. MIT Press

  • Chen X, Zeng D, Xu Y, Fan X (2018) Perceptions, risk attitude and organic fertilizer investment: evidence from rice and banana farmers in Guangxi. China Sustain 10(10):3715

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhury D, Das K, Das A (2019) Assessment of land use land cover changes and its impact on variations of land surface temperature in Asansol-Durgapur Development Region. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci 22(2):203–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen SJ (1997) Scientist–stakeholder collaboration in integrated assessment of climate change: lessons from a case study of Northwest Canada. Environ Model Assess 2(4):281–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper DF, Grey S, Raymond G, Walker P (2005) Project risk management guidelines: Managing risk in large projects and complex procurements. Wiley, New York

  • Dadzie SKN, Acquah HDG (2012) Attitudes toward risk and coping responses: the case of food crop farmers at Agona Duakwa in Agona East District of Ghana. Int J Agric Forest 2:29–37

  • Daniell H, Lin CS, Yu M, Chang WJ (2016) Chloroplast genomes: diversity, evolution, and applications in genetic engineering. Genome Biol 17(1):1–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dessai S, Hulme M (2004) Does climate adaptation policy need probabilities? Climate Policy 4(2):107–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckstein D, Künzel V, Schäfer L, Winges M (2019) Global climate risk index 2020. Germanwatch, Bonn

  • Emergency Event Database (2017) The International Disaster Database, Emergency Event Database (EE-DAT), 2017

  • GOP (2011) Economic Survey of Pakistan 2010–11, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance Government of Pakistan. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1011.html

  • GOP (2020) Economic Survey of Pakistan 2019–20, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance Government of Pakistan. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1920.html

  • Haer T, Botzen WW, de Moel H, Aerts JC (2017) Integrating household risk mitigation behavior in flood risk analysis: an agent-based model approach. Risk Anal 37(10):1977–1992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardaker, JB (ed) (2004) Coping with risk in agriculture. Cabi

  • Hayami Y, Ruttan VW (1971) Induced innovation in agricultural development. Discussion Paper No. 3, Center for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota

  • Hedlund J, Fick S, Carlsen H, Benzie M (2018) Quantifying transnational climate impact exposure: New perspectives on the global distribution of climate risk. Glob Environ Chang 52:75–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks JR (1932) The theory of wages. Macmillan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hongdou L, Shiping L, Hao L (2018) Existing agricultural ecosystem in China leads to environmental pollution: an econometric approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(24):24488–24499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain MS, Arshad M, Qian L, Kächele H, Khan I, Islam MDI, Mahboob MG (2020) Climate change impacts on farmland value in Bangladesh. Ecological indicators 112:106181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal MA, Ping Q, Abid M, Kazmi SMM, Rizwan M (2016) Assessing risk perceptions and attitude among cotton farmers: a case of Punjab province, Pakistan. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 16:68–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam MM, Barman A, Kabir MA, Kumar G (2019) Mapping climate change vulnerability of Bangladesh fisheries using a composite index approach and GIS. Proc of FishAdapt: the global conference on climate change adaptation for fisheries and aquaculture. 8–10 Aug 2016, Bangkok Thailand 45

  • Ivey JL, Smithers J, De Loë RC, Kreutzwiser RD (2004) Community capacity for adaptation to climate-induced water shortages: linking institutional complexity and local actors. Environ Manage 33(1):36–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janes T, McGrath F, Macadam I, Jones R (2019) High-resolution climate projections for South Asia to inform climate impacts and adaptation studies in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Mahanadi deltas. Sci Total Environ 650:1499–1520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jurgilevich A, Räsänen A, Groundstroem F, Juhola S (2017) A systematic review of dynamics in climate risk and vulnerability assessments. Environmental Research Letters 12(1):013002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalantari Z, Ferreira CSS, Keesstra S, Destouni G (2018) Nature-based solutions for flood-drought risk mitigation in vulnerable urbanizing parts of East-Africa. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 5:73–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavvada A, Held A (2018) Analysis-ready earth observation data and the united nations sustainable development goals. In IGARSS 2018–2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, p 434–436

  • Kawasaki A, Kawamura G, Zin WW (2020) A local level relationship between floods and poverty: a case in Myanmar. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 42:101348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan I, Javed T, Khan A, Lei H, Muhammad I, Ali I, Huo X (2019) Impact assessment of land use change on surface temperature and agricultural productivity in Peshawar-Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(32):33076–33085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan I, Lei H, Shah AA, Khan I, Muhammad I (2021) Climate change impact assessment, flood management, and mitigation strategies in Pakistan for sustainable future. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(23):29720–29731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan I, Lei H, Shah IA et al (2020) Farm households’ risk perception, attitude and adaptation strategies in dealing with climate change: promise and perils from rural Pakistan. Land Use Policy 91:104395

  • Lansdowne ZF (1999) Risk matrix: an approach for prioritizing risks and tracking risk mitigation progress. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Project Management Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 10–16 Oct

  • Lasco RD, Espaldon MLO, Habito CMD (2016) Smallholder farmers’ perceptions of climate change and the roles of trees and agroforestry in climate risk adaptation: evidence from Bohol. Philippines Agrofor Syst 90(3):521–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu W, Latif A, Ullah R (2017) Simultaneous adoption of contract farming and off-farm diversification for managing agricultural risks: the case of flue-cured Virginia tobacco in Pakistan. Nat Hazards 86(3):1347–1361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luino F, Turconi L, Paliaga G, Faccini F, Marincioni F (2018) Torrential floods in the upper Soana Valley (NW Italian Alps): Geomorphological processes and risk-reduction strategies. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 27:343–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmood N, Arshad M, Kächele H, Ma H, Ullah A, Müller K (2019) Wheat yield response to input and socioeconomic factors under changing climate: Evidence from rainfed environments of Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 688:1275–1285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mashi SA, Inkani AI, Obaro O, Asanarimam AS (2020) Community perception, response and adaptation strategies towards flood risk in a traditional African city. Nat Hazards 103:1727–1759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelsohn RO, Massetti E (2017) The use of cross-sectional analysis to measure climate impacts on agriculture: theory and evidence. Rev Environ Econ Policy 11(2):280–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miah JH, Griffiths A, McNeill R et al (2018) Environmental management of confectionery products: Life cycle impacts and improvement strategies. J Clean Prod177:732–751

  • Miah MG, Rahman MA, Rahman MM, Saha SR (2016) Impacts of climate variability on major food crops in selected agro-ecosystems of Bangladesh. Ann Bangladesh Agric 20:61–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscardi E, De Janvry A (1977) Attitudes toward risk among peasants: an econometric approach. Am J Agr Econ 59(4):710–716

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mugi-Ngenga EW, Mucheru-Muna MW, Mugwe JN, Ngetich FK, Mairura FS, Mugendi DN (2016) Household’s socio-economic factors influencing the level of adaptation to climate variability in the dry zones of Eastern Kenya. J Rural Stud 43:49–60

  • Naz F, Doneys P, Saqib SE (2018) Adaptation strategies to floods: a gender-based analysis of the farming-dependent char community in the Padma floodplain, Bangladesh. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 28:519–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NDMA, Pakistan (2011) Annual report 2011, National Disaster Management Authority Pakistan. http://www.ndma.gov.pk/

  • NDMA, Pakistan (2014) Annual report 2014, National Disaster Management Authority Pakistan. http://www.ndma.gov.pk/

  • NDMA, Pakistan (2018) Annual report 2018, National Disaster Management Authority Pakistan. http://www.ndma.gov.pk/

  • Niles MT, Mueller ND (2016) Farmer perceptions of climate change: associations with observed temperature and precipitation trends, irrigation, and climate beliefs. Glob Environ Chang 39:133–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogurtsov VA, Van Asseldonk MPAM, Huirne RBM (2008) Assessing and modelling catastrophic risk perceptions and attitudes in agriculture: a review. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 56(1–2):39–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olarinde LO, Manyong VM, Akintola JO (2007) Attitudes towards risk among maize farmers in the dry Savanna zone of Nigeria: some prospective policies for improving food production. Afr J Agric Res 2(8):399–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Paudel B, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Rai MK, Paul PK (2021) Climate change and its impacts on farmer’s livelihood in different physiographic regions of the trans-boundary Koshi River basin, Central Himalayas. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(13):7142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PBS (2017) Economic Survey of Pakistan 2016–2017 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance Statistical Division, Government of Pakistan

  • PBS (2019) Economic Survey of Pakistan 2018–2019 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance Statistical Division, Government of Pakistan

  • PBS (2021) Economic Survey of Pakistan 2020–2021 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance Statistical Division, Government of Pakistan

  • PDMA Punjab (2017) Annual report 2017, Provincial Disaster Management Authority Punjab Pakistan. https://pdma.punjab.gov

  • PDMA Punjab (2018) Annual report 2018, Provincial Disaster Management Authority Punjab Pakistan. https://pdma.punjab.gov

  • PDMA, Punjab (2014) Monsoon Contingency Plan Punjab 2014, Punjab Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) Government of Punjab, Pakistan

  • PDMA, Punjab (2015) Monsoon Contingency Plan Punjab 2015, Punjab Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) Government of Punjab, Pakistan

  • Peng CYJ, Lee KL, Ingersoll GM (2002) An introduction to logistic regression analysis and reporting. J Educ Res 96(1):3–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PMD (2019). Monthly weather report, 2019. National weather forecasting centre Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) Islamabad, Government of Pakistan. http://nwfc.pmd.gov.pk/new/monthly-reports.php

  • Pratt JW (1964) Risk aversion in the small and in the large. Econometrica 32(1/2):122–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quaye F, Nadolnyak D, Hartarska V (2018) Climate change impacts on farmland values in the Southeast United States. Sustainability 10(10):3426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MA, Kang S, Nagabhatla N, Macnee R (2017) Impacts of temperature and rainfall variation on rice productivity in major ecosystems of Bangladesh. Agric Food Secur 6(1):1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rana IA, Routray JK (2016) Actual vis-à-vis perceived risk of flood prone urban communities in Pakistan. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 19:366–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin R, Cochran MJ (1986) Interpretations and transformations of scale for the Pratt Arrow absolute risk aversion coefficient: implications for generalized stochastic dominance. West J Agric Econ 11:1–2

  • Rizwan M, Ping Q, Saboor A, Ahmed UI, Zhang D, Deyi Z, Teng L (2020) Measuring rice farmers’ risk perceptions and attitude: Evidence from Pakistan. Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J 26(7):1832–1847

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roco L, Bravo-Ureta B, Engler A, Jara-Rojas R (2017) The impact of climatic change adaptation on agricultural productivity in central Chile: a stochastic production frontier approach. Sustainability 9(9):1648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanogo K, Binam J, Bayala J, Villamor G, Kalinganire A, Dodiomon S (2017) Farmers’ perceptions of climate change impacts on ecosystem services delivery of parklands in southern Mali. Agroforestry systems 91(2):345–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saqib SE, Ahmad MM, Panezai S, Rana IA (2016a) An empirical assessment of farmers’ risk attitudes in flood-prone areas of Pakistan. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 18:107–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saqib SE, Arifullah A, Yaseen M (2021) Managing farm-centric risks in agricultural production at the flood-prone locations of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Nat Hazards 107(1):853–871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saqib S, Ahmad MM, Panezai S, Ali U (2016b) Factors influencing farmers’ adoption of agricultural credit as a risk management strategy: The case of Pakistan. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 17:67–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah AA, Ye J, Abid M, Ullah R (2017) Determinants of flood risk mitigation strategies at household level: a case of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. Nat Hazards 88(1):415–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson NP, Mach KJ, Constable A et al (2021) A framework for complex climate change risk assessment. One Earth 4(4):489–501

  • Singh AK, Das B, Mali SS, Bhavana P, Shinde R, Bhatt BP (2020) Intensification of rice-fallow cropping systems in the Eastern Plateau region of India: diversifying cropping systems and climate risk mitigation. Climate Dev 12(9):791–800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sisco MR (2021) The effects of personal experiences on climate risk mitigation behaviors. Dissertation, Columbia University

  • Smidts A (1990) Decision making under risk: a study of models and measurement procedures with special reference to the farmer's marketing behavior. Dissertation, Agricultural University

  • Spelman L, Rubel D, Murrell DF et al (2016) Treatment of face and scalp solar (actinic) keratosis with daylight‐mediated photodynamic therapy is possible throughout the year in A ustralia: evidence from a clinical and meteorological study. Aust J Dermatol 57(1):24–28

  • Steentjes K, Demski C, Seabrook A, Corner A, Pidgeon N (2020) British public perceptions of climate risk, adaptation options and resilience (RESiL RISK): topline findings of a GB survey conducted in October 2019. Cardiff University

  • Teo M, Goonetilleke A, Ahankoob A, Deilami K, Lawie M (2018) Disaster awareness and information seeking behaviour among residents from low socio-economic backgrounds. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 31:1121–1131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terzi S, Torresan S, Schneiderbauer S, Critto A, Zebisch M, Marcomini A (2019) Multi-risk assessment in mountain regions: a review of modelling approaches for climate change adaptation. J Environ Manage 232:759–771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torkamani J (2005) Using a whole-farm modeling approach to assess prospective technologies under uncertainty. Agric Syst 85(2):138–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torresan S, Critto A, Rizzi J, Zabeo A, Furlan E, Marcomini A (2016) DESYCO: a decision support system for the regional risk assessment of climate change impacts in coastal zones. Ocean Coast Manag 120:49–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullah R, Shivakoti GP, Kamran A, Zulfiqar F (2016) Farmers versus nature: managing disaster risks at farm level. Nat Hazards 82(3):1931–1945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullah R, Shivakoti GP, Rehman M, Kamran MA (2015) Catastrophic risks management at farm: the use of diversification, precautionary savings and agricultural credit. Pak J Agric Sci 52(4):1135–1142

  • Velandia MM, Rejesus RM, Knight TO, Sherrick BJ (2009) Factors affecting farmers’ utilization of agricultural risk management tools: the case of crop insurance, forward contracting, and spreading sales. J Agric Appl Econ 41:107–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JX, Roush ML (2000) What every engineer should know about risk engineering and management. CRC, Boca Raton

  • Yamane T (1967) Elementary sampling theory\Taro Yamane. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs

  • Yang P, Mi Z, Coffman DM, Cao YF, Yao YF, Li J (2021) The impact of climate risk valuation on the regional mitigation strategies. J Clean Prod 313:127786

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zscheischler J, Westra S, Van Den Hurk BJ et al (2018) Future climate risk from compound events. Nat Clim Chang 8(6):469–477

  • Zulfiqar F, Ullah R, Abid M, Hussain A (2016) Cotton production under risk: a simultaneous adoption of risk coping tools. Nat Hazards 84(2):959–974

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study has no funding from any institution or any donor agency.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Dilshad Ahmad

  2. Department of Economics, Preston University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Afzal

Authors
  1. Dilshad Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Afzal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

DA analyzed data, methodology, results and discussion, conclusion and suggestions and manuscript write up, and DA and MA finalized and proofread the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dilshad Ahmad.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Ethical approval taken from the COMSATS University Vehari campus, ethical approval committee.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (XLSX 38 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahmad, D., Afzal, M. Flood hazards and agricultural production risks management practices in flood-prone areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 20768–20783 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17182-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17182-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation